WBCs

Question 1

Neutrophils aka

Answer 1

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes

Segmenters

Question 2

Most abundant WBC

Answer 2

Neutrophils

Question 3

Nucleus: NEU

Answer 3

2 to 5 lobes

Question 4

Neutrophils
Main function is

Answer 4

phagocytosis, leading to the destruction of foreign particles.

Question 5

First cell to migrate toward the site of infection

Answer 5

Neutrophils

Question 6

Diapedesis vs Chemotaxis

Answer 6

• Diapedesis: Movement through blood vessel walls to tissues.

Chemotaxis: Migration towards specific areas guided by chemotactic factors.

Question 7

EOSINOPHILS
• Increase in

Answer 7

allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

Question 8

• Nucleus: EO

Answer 8

Bilobed or ellipsoidal, often eccentrically located.

Question 9

EO
Staining:

Answer 9

Takes up acid eosin dye; cytoplasm contains large orange to reddish-orange granules.

Question 10

BASOPHILS
• Represent less than____ of all circulating WBCs.

Answer 10

1%

Question 11

BASO nucleus

Answer 11

• Contain coarse, ‘deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus.

Question 12

• Allergic Reactions:

Regulate T helper cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce |gE.

Answer 12

Basophils

Question 13

BASO

• ______induces smooth muscle contraction;_____ acts as an anticoagulant.

Answer 13

Histamine

heparin

Question 14

MONOCYTES
Nucleus:

Answer 14

Irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped.

Question 15

MONOCYTES

Cytoplasm:

Answer 15

Ground-glass appearance with fine dust-like granules.

Question 16

• Precursor for macrophages

Answer 16

Monocytes

Question 17

MACROPHAGES
Arise from_____.
Differentiation and cell division occur in_____.

Answer 17

monocytes

tissues

Question 18

Functions:
. Innate Immunity: Microbial killing,
anti-tumor activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators.

Answer 18

Macrophages

Question 19

• Activation: Enhanced killing activity when activated by microorganisms or cytokines.

Answer 19

Macrophages

Question 20

Adaptive immunity:
Present antigens to T and B cells.

Answer 20

Macrophages

Question 21

Macrophages in the blood

Answer 21

Monocytes

Question 22

Macrophages in the lungs

Answer 22

Alveolar macrophages, dust cells

Question 23

Macrophages in the liver

Answer 23

Kupffer cells

Question 24

Macrophages in the skin

Answer 24

Langerhans cells

Question 25

Macrophages in the CNS

Answer 25

Microglial cells, microgilia

Question 26

Macrophages in the bones

Answer 26

Osteoclasts

Question 27

Macrophages in the kidney

Answer 27

Mesangial cells

Question 28

Macrophages in the CT

Answer 28

Histiocytes

Question 29

Macrophages in the lymph nodes

Answer 29

Dendritic cells

Question 30

Mast cells play a role in_____, but they can also function as____

Answer 30

allergic reactions antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Question 31

They can both enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response.

Answer 31

Mast cells

Question 32

DENDRITIC CELLS • Named for long membranous extensions resembling..

Answer 32

nerve cell dendrites

Question 33

Dendritic cells • Functions: • Antigen Capture:

Answer 33

Capture antigens via phagocytosis or endocytosis

Question 34

Dendritic cells Antigen Presentation:

Answer 34

Present antigens to T lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune response.

Question 35

Dendritic cells Effectiveness:

Answer 35

Most effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) and potent phagocytic cell.

Question 36

• Lack specificity, essential for early defense

Answer 36

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Question 37

Eliminate target cells without prior exposure

Answer 37

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Question 38

• First line of defense against virally infected cells, intracellular pathogens, and tumor cells

Answer 38

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Question 39

NATURAL KILLER CELLS • Mechanism of Cytotoxicity • Binding Receptors on NK Cells Inhibitory Receptors: Activating Receptors:

Answer 39

Deliver inhibitory signals Trigger cytotoxic mechanisms

Question 40

NK cells Healthy cells: Diseased/cancerous cells:

Answer 40

Inhibitory signals from class I MHC proteins Lack MHC proteins ("missing self"), activating signals from stress proteins

Question 41

NATURAL KILLER CELLS • Cytotoxic Action Releases these 2 enzymes

Answer 41

Perforins form channels (pores) in target cell membrane Granzymes enter through channels, mediate cell lysis

Question 42

NK cells Elimination of target cells in…

Answer 42

30-60 minutes

Question 43

NATURAL KILLER CELLS • Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Answer 43

• NK cells recognize and lyse antibody- coated cells • Binding through CD16 receptor for Fc portion of IgG Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils also exhibit ADCC

Question 44

(ADCC)

Answer 44

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

Question 45

External defense

Answer 45

Skin and mucous membrane Lactic acid Cilia Stomach acid Urine Lysozyme Normal flora

Question 46

Skin and mucous membrane

Answer 46

Biological barriers

Question 47

Lactic acid

Answer 47

Keeps down growth of microorganisms

Question 48

Cilia

Answer 48

Moves pathogen out of respiratory tract

Question 49

Stomach acid

Answer 49

Low pH keeps pathogens from growing

Question 50

Urine

Answer 50

Flushes out pathogen from the body

Question 51

Lysozyme

Answer 51

Attacks the cell wall of the microorganisms

Question 52

Normal flora

Answer 52

Competes with pathogen Produce antimicrobial peptides

Question 53

Internal defense

Answer 53

Cells Pathogen recognition receptors (e.g. Toll-like receptors) Acute-phase reactants

Question 54

External defense cells

Answer 54

Participate in phagocytosis NK cells destroy target cells using granzymes and perforins

Question 55

Toll like receptors

Answer 55

Help phagocytic cells recognize pathogens

Question 56

acute phase reactants

Answer 56

Recruit WBCs for phagocytosis Coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis Mop up debris