Antineoplastic Drugs

Question 1

The most common cancer in both men and women is

Answer 1

lung cancer

Question 2

most common cancer for women?men?

Answer 2

breast. prostate

Question 3

the second leading cancer in both men and women

Answer 3

colorectal

Question 4

cancer is chacterized by

Answer 4

• uncontrolled cellular growth

- local tissue invasion

Question 5

normal cell functions

Answer 5

to replace worn out cells, heal wounds and maintain healthy organs

Question 6

metastasis pathways

Answer 6

lymphatic (most common), blood, body spaces (eg. abdominal cavity), through implantation

Question 7

remission is

Answer 7

the elimination or reduction in the disease (may be transient or permanent)

Question 8

what are the phases of carcinogenesis

Answer 8

1. initiation - exposure to carcinogens = ce;; damage and cell mutation
2. promotion - altered environment promotion of cell growth
3. transformation - cells become cancerous and detectable
4. progression - genetic changes, further cell growth and metastases

Question 9

cancer cell cycles

Answer 9

cell cycle specific - most effective when in a specific phase of the cycle (cycling)
cell cycle non-specific - effective during both division and resting states of the cell cycle

Question 10

treatment method: surgery used for

Answer 10

diagnosis for most early stages of solid tumors

Question 11

treatment method: radiation

Answer 11

to shrink tumors that are localized

Question 12

tx method. to treat the primary tumor as well as areas of metastases

Answer 12

chemotherapy

Question 13

last tx method

Answer 13

biologic therapu

Question 14

chemotherapies:

Answer 14

alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, antitumor antibiotics, hormones

Question 15

chemotherapies are organized by

Answer 15

MoA and origin

Question 16

biologic therapy targets

Answer 16

specific areas affecting cell growth

Question 17

biological therapy design

Answer 17

improves outcomes with less adverse effects

Question 18

biological therapies not just for cancer

Answer 18

psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, crohns disease

Question 19

cell cycle specific vs cell cycle non specific

Answer 19

Cell cycle specific: NOT G0, greatest effects on actively dividing cells, at certain phases of cell growth
non cycle specific - INCLUDING G0 against slow growing tumours, at any stage

Question 20

cell cycle specific tx

Answer 20

antimetabolites, bliomycin, vinca alkaloids, podophyllin

Question 21

cell cycle non-specific tx

Answer 21

alkylating agents, abs, cisplatin, nitrosoureas

Question 22

Gap 0 phase

Answer 22

resting phase, cells not dividin

Question 23

Gap 1 phase

Answer 23

post mitotic phase- enzymes necessary for DNA synthesis, protein and RNA synthesis

Question 24

synthesis phase

Answer 24

cellular DNA duplicated

Question 25

gap 2 phase

Answer 25

premitotic phase - precursors of mitotic spindle procedure

Question 26

mitosis phase

Answer 26

cell division: P,M,A,T and cytokinesis

Question 27

alkylating agents and specificity

Answer 27

non specific | inhibit DNA replication

Question 28

how do alkylating agents inhibit DNA replication

Answer 28

covalently binds to DNA strands (DNA strand breakage or uncoiling) inhibits DNA synthesis and fxn

Question 29

what are major toxicities of alkylating agents

Answer 29

Myelosuppression is a major dose-limiting toxicity Sterility, Nausea/vomiting, alopecia (hair loss) Second malignancies

Question 30

what are the different types of alkylating agents

Answer 30

1. nitrogen mustards, platinum analogs, nitrosoureas, alkyl sulfonates, non classic

Question 31

which type of alkylating is classic?heavy metals?

Answer 31

nitrogen mustards. platinum analogs

Question 32

what are anti-metabolites? cell specificiy

Answer 32

structural analogs of natural metabolites involve in DNA and RNA synthesis disrupt cell replication and cell division in DNA, RNA strands and cellular proteins = S phase

Question 33

examples of anti metabolites

Answer 33

pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs, anti-folate

Question 34

what are plant alkaloids? cell specificity?

Answer 34

halts cell division leading to cell death (inhibits mitosis) and inhibit tumor proliferation

Question 35

example of plant alkaloids

Answer 35

``` vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine) taxoids (paclitaxil, docetaxel - stabilize microtubule) ```

Question 36

Where are these drugs derived from | Vincristine? Vinblatine? docetaxel

Answer 36

Periwinkle plant, periwinkle plant, yew plant

Question 37

Antitumor antiobiotics? specificity

Answer 37

blocks DNA/RNA sysnthesis and interferes with cell replication. non specific

Question 38

examples of antitumor antibiotics

Answer 38

bleomycin, doxorubicin, mitomycin

Question 39

hormones: estrogen receptor modulator | use? cancer type? ex?

Answer 39

binds to estrogen receptors on the tumor, decreasing DNA synthesis. breast cancer. tamoxifen

Question 40

hormones: aromatose inhibitors | use? cancer type? ex?

Answer 40

blocks estrogen from being produced in post-menoposal women. breast cancer. anastrozole, letrozole.

Question 41

hormones: antiandrogens | use? cancer type? ex?

Answer 41

blocks testosterone from binding at the androgen receptor on tumor cells. prostate cancer. cyproterone, bicalutamide. flutamide.

Question 42

when are estrogen receptor modulator used

Answer 42

3-5 yrs after surgical removal. primarily pre and post menopausal women with hormonal receptive cancer and for breast cancer in men

Question 43

when are aromatase inhibitors used

Answer 43

added to tx after 3-5 yerds of estrogen receptor modulator (tamoxifen) duration 2-3 yrs

Question 44

what are biologic response modifier

Answer 44

inhibits replication, suppresses proliferation, enhances cell breakdown

Question 45

examples of biologic response modifiers

Answer 45

interferon, monoclonal antibodies,

Question 46

what are bone metabolism regulators

Answer 46

inhibits bone resorption by binding to crystals in the bone matrix where there is an increased turnover rate of bone, inhibition of osteoclast function and decrease bone destruction,

Question 47

bone metabolism regulators treat these type of cancers

Answer 47

that have moved to the bone

Question 48

ex of bone metabolism regulators

Answer 48

pamidronate, clodronate

Question 49

diff between pamidronate and clodronate? similarities

Answer 49

p: for tumor induced hypercalemia c: for malignancy related hypercalcemia both: osteolytic bone metastases and osteonecrosis of the jaw (rare

Question 50

mucositis is a dental implication of chemotherapy.when does is occur and what causes it? prevention?

Answer 50

5-7 days or weeks of starting chemo. 5-fluorocacil (antimetabolite). ice chips, basic OH, alcohol free mouthwast/ soda/ salt rinse

Question 51

tx of mucositis

Answer 51

benzydamine - numbness and relieve pain. remove dentures, oral rinses, asses brushing and diet, severe= analgesics

Question 52

gingival bleeding can be cause by? tx?

Answer 52

low platelet counts. CHX rinse