Anus Flashcards
The ______ is about 3 to 4 centimeters long and Starts at the anal verge, where the rectum meets the anus
Anal canal
Most common symptom of anal cancer is
rectal bleeding
- bleeding
-palpable mass - rectal discharge
Anal cancer is associated with
HPV
Anal cancer spreads through the lymph nodes
early
Anal Nodal drainage follows
inguinal vein
Most common pathology for anal cancer is
squamous cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma - are likely rectal tumors that hav extended
workup for anal cancer
- digital anorectal examination
- proctoscopy with biopsy
- colonoscopy
anal cancer spread locally and
invasion through the rectum into the prostate or vaginal space
staging for anal cancer is
TNM staging
treatment for anal cancer - surgery used for
surgery used for early disease APR -abdominoperineal resection (APR) completely removes the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter complex using both anterior abdominal and perineal incisions, resulting in a permanent colostomy.
treatment for anal cancer - chemo
chemo can also be used - has become the standard of care using radio sensitizing 5-FU with radiation
radiation treatment for borders anal cancer
- up to internal iliac
- lower border margin on anal tumor/ sphincter
- width must be wide enough for margin on internal iliac and include superficial inguinal lymph node
radiation for anal cancer fractions
45-65 Gy - with no surgery
45-65 Gy - with chemo
45 Gy - large fields AP/PA
65 GY - fields reduced PA/RT/LT fields and boost
