1
Q
Classicism
A
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures.
2
Q
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures.
A
Classicism
3
Q
Gives the text more realism and enforces normal structure of writing.
A
Classicism
4
Q
Comic relief
A
when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat. The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth is an example of comic relief.
5
Q
when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat. The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth is an example of…
A
Comic relief
6
Q
This allows the writer to lighten the mood using comedy
A
Comic relief
7
Q
Diction
A
Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types of words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic diction would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise than street slang. You should be able to describe an author’ s diction. You SHOULD NOT write in your thesis, “The author uses diction…”, This is essentially saying, “ The author uses words to write.” Instead describe the type of diction.
8
Q
Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types of words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written academically would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise than street slang. You should be able to describe an author’s _____. You SHOULD NOT write in your thesis, “The author uses _____.”, This is essentially saying, “ The author uses words to write.” Instead describe it.
A
Diction
9
Q
This allows you to choose how you speak to your audience, whether it be rude, with a heavy heart, or with great command.
A
Diction
10
Q
Colloquial
A
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation. A “colloquialism” is a common or
familiar type of saying, similar to an adage or an aphorism.
11
Q
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation. A common or familiar type of saying, similar to an adage or an aphorism.
A
Colloquial
12
Q
Allows you to relate to the audience by using common phrases.
A
Colloquial
13
Q
Connotation
A
Rather than the dictionary definition, the associations suggested by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.
14
Q
Rather than the dictionary definition, the associations suggested by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.
A
Connotation
15
Q
This allows the speaker/writer to use words outside of their dictionary meaning.
A
Connotation
16
Q
Denotation
A
The literal explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations.
17
Q
The literal explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations.
A
Denotation
18
Q
This is used by writers/speakers to say exactly what the word means
A
Denotation
19
Q
Jargon
A
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.
20
Q
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity. Layers speak using particular phrases, as do soccer players.
A
Jargon
21
Q
This is used by a writer to appeal to a certain group that uses similar diction in a profession. (Think Doctors)
A
Jargon
22
Q
Vernacular
A
Language or dialect of a particular country/ Language or dialect of a regional clan or group/ Plain every day speech.
23
Q
Language or dialect of a particular country/ Language or dialect of a regional clan or group/ Plain every day speech.
A
Vernacular
24
Q
Writers/Speakers often have to change this in order to speak effectively to people of different culture/areas.
A
Vernacular
25
Didactic
A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
26
A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
Didactic
27
This is used in nonfiction to teach a specific lesson or behavior.
Didactic
28
Adage
A folk saying with a lesson. Similar to aphorism and colloquialism.
29
A folk saying with a lesson. Similar to aphorism and colloquialism.
Adage
30
Used by speakers/writers to teach a lesson through folk tale.
Adage
31
Allegory
A story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things and events represent qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, and events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth.
32
A story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things and events represent qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, and events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth.
Allegory
33
Used by writers or speakers to avoid persecution for certain ideas/by people to teach a truth.
Allegory
34
Aphorism
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.
35
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.
Aphorism
36
a memorable summation of the author's point. Ben Franklin wrote many of these in Poor Richard's Almanac, such as 'God helps them that help themselves," and 'A watch pot never boils."
Aphorism
37
Ellipsis
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author. "The whole day, rain, torrents of rain."
38
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author. "The whole day, rain, torrents of rain."
Ellipsis
39
the three periods used to show omitted text in a quotation.
Ellipsis
40
Euphemism
A more agreeable or less offensive substitution for a generally unpleasant words or concepts.
41
A more agreeable or less offensive substitution for a generally unpleasant words or concepts.
Euphemism
42
Sometimes they are used for political correctness. 'Physically challenged," in the place of "crippled." Is sometimes used to exaggerate correctness or to add humor.
Euphemism
43
Figurative Language
"Figurative Language" is the opposite of "Literal Language." Literal language is writing that makes complete sense when you take it at face value. "Figurative Language" is the opposite: writing that is not meant to be take literally.
44
"Figurative Language" is the opposite of "Literal Language." Literal language is writing that makes complete sense when you take it at face value. "Figurative Language" is the opposite: writing that is not meant to be take literally.
Figurative Language
45
Used by Writers/Speakers when they don't want their words to be be taken literally.
Figurative Language
46
Analogy
An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.
47
An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.
Analogy
48
When
a writer uses an..., he or she argues that the relationship between the first pair of variables is
the same as the relationship between the second pair of variables.
Analogy
49
Hyperbole
Exaggeration
50
Exaggeration
Hyperbole
51
Used by writers to exaggerate their claims.
Hyperbole
52
Idiom
A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.
53
A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.
Idiom
54
Used by writers/speakers to make a point that makes no sense taken literally.
Idiom
55
Metaphor
Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words. “My feet
are popsicles.” An extended metaphor is when the metaphor is continued later in the written
work. If I continued to call my feet “my popsicles” in later paragraphs, that would be an extended
metaphor. A particularly elaborate extended metaphor is called using conceit.
56
Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words. “My feet
are popsicles.” An extended metaphor is when the metaphor is continued later in the written
work. If I continued to call my feet “my popsicles” in later paragraphs, that would be an extended
metaphor. A particularly elaborate extended metaphor is called using conceit.
Metaphor
57
Used by Speakers/Writers to make a comparison without using like or as.
Metaphor
58
Metonymy
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept. "Relations between London and Washington have been strained," does not really mean relations between the two cities, but between the leaders of The United States and England. Metonymy is often used with body parts:" I could not understand his tongue," means his language or his speech.
59
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept. "Relations between London and Washington have been strained," does not really mean relations between the two cities, but between the leaders of The United States and England. Metonymy is often used with body parts:" I could not understand his tongue," means his language or his speech.
Metonymy
60
Used by speakers/writers to replace words to better connect to the audience without using overly large words.
Metonymy
61
Synecdoche
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.
62
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.
Synecdoche
63
Used by a writer/speaker to represent an entire whole with one part.
Synecdoche
64
Simile
Using word such as "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two very different things.
65
Using word such as "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two very different things.
Simile
66
Speakers/Writers use like or as to make a comparison.
Simile
67
Personification
Giving human-like qualities to something that is non human.
68
Giving human-like qualities to something that is non human.
Personification
69
Used by Speakers/Writers to give a more vivid image by giving objects human or lifelike characteristics.
Personification
70
Foreshadowing
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.
71
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.
Foreshadowing
72
Used by a Speaker/Writer to give subtle hints on what the text holds later on.
Foreshadowing
73
Genre
The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose. poetry. and drama. However, genres can be subdivided as well. The AP Language exam deals primarily with the following genres; autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.
74
The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose. poetry. and drama. However, genres can be subdivided as well. The AP Language exam deals primarily with the following genres; autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.
Genre
75
Used by a Speaker/Writer to categorize their writing
Genre
76
Gothic
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and /or death. Also refers to an architectural style of the middle ages, often seen in cathedrals of this period.
77
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and /or death. Also refers to an architectural style of the middle ages, often seen in cathedrals of this period.
Gothic
78
Used by Writers/Speakers to indicate a very gloomy, mysterious, or fearful message.
Gothic
79
Imagery
Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind. Usually this involves the five senses. Authors often use imagery in conjunction with metaphors, similes, or figures of speech.
80
Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind. Usually this involves the five senses. Authors often use imagery in conjunction with metaphors, similes, or figures of speech.
Imagery
81
Used by Writers/Speakers to put an image into the mind of the Audience for better understanding.
Imagery
82
Invective
A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.
83
A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.
Invective
84
Used by Speaker/Writers to indicate a very strong and hate-fueled text.
Invective
85
Irony
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.
86
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.
Irony
87
Used by Writers/Speakers to give spice and or to give the Audience a sense of curiosity.
Irony
88
Verbal Irony
When you say something and mean the opposite/something different. For example, if your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a "walk in the
park" it would be verbal irony. If your voice tone is bitter, it's called sarcasm.
89
When you say something and mean the opposite/something different. For example, if your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a "walk in the
park" it would be verbal irony. If your voice tone is bitter, it's called sarcasm.
Verbal Irony
90
Used by Writers/Speakers to indicate Irony by saying one thing and it really means another, usually through quotes.
Verbal Irony
91
Dramatic Irony
When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn't and would be surprised to find out. For example in many horror movie, we know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying. Sometimes the character trusts the killer completely when he/she shouldn't.
92
When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn't and would be surprised to find out. For example in many horror movie, we know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying. Sometimes the character trusts the killer completely when he/she shouldn't.
Dramatic Irony
93
Used by Writers/Speakers to give a sense of anxiety and excitement to the Audience.
Dramatic Irony
94
Situational Irony
Found in the plot of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it makes you laugh because it's funny how things turn out.
95
Found in the plot of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it makes you laugh because it's funny how things turn out.
Situational Irony
96
Used by Writers/Speakers to give humor or to change the usual course of action that most have already seen.
Situational Irony
97
Juxtaposition
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison. Authors often use juxtaposition of ideas or examples in order to make a point.
98
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison. Authors often use juxtaposition of ideas or examples in order to make a point.
Juxtaposition
99
Used by Writers/Speakers to compare things side by side.
Juxtaposition
100
Mood
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice. Syntax is often a creator of mood since word order, sentence length and strength and complexity also affect pacing and therefore mood. Setting, tone, and events can all affect the mood.
101
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice. Syntax is often a creator of mood since word order, sentence length and strength and complexity also affect pacing and therefore mood. Setting, tone, and events can all affect the mood.
Mood
102
Used by Writers/Speakers to give their writing more feeling.
Mood
103
Motif
a recurring idea in a piece of literature. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that "you never really understand a person until you consider things form his or her point of view" is a motif, because the idea is brought up several times over the course of the novel.
104
a recurring idea in a piece of literature. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that "you never really understand a person until you consider things form his or her point of view" is a motif, because the idea is brought up several times over the course of the novel.
Motif
105
Used by Writers/Speakers to give the Audience a reoccurring idea.
Motif
106
Oxymoron
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox-"wise fool," "eloquent silence," "jumbo shrimp."
107
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox-"wise fool," "eloquent silence," "jumbo shrimp."
Oxymoron
108
Used by Writers/Speakers to let the Audience to decide which side of the implied paradox they wish to lean harder upon.
Oxymoron
109
Pacing
The speed or tempo of an author's writing. Writers can use a variety of devices to change the pacing of their words. An author's pacing can be fast, sluggish, stabbing, vibrato, staccato, measured, etc.
110
The speed or tempo of an author's writing. Writers can use a variety of devices to change the pacing of their words. An author's pacing can be fast, sluggish, stabbing, vibrato, staccato, measured, etc.
Pacing
111
Used by a Writer/Speaker to speed up or slow down their text.
Pacing
112
Paradox
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.
113
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.
Paradox
114
Used by Writers/ Speakers to communicate a situation where a contradictory statement might seem true.
Paradox
115
Parallelism
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. Parallelism is used to add emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing.
116
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. Parallelism is used to add emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing.
Parallelism
117
Used by Speakers/Writers to make reading/understanding easier for the Audience.
Parallelism
118
Anaphora
Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
119
Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
Anaphora
120
Used by Writers/Speakers to show the intention through repetition of a word or phrase through a text or speech.
Anaphora
121
Chiasmus
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed. Also called antimetabole.
122
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed. Also called antimetabole.
Chiasmus
123
Used by Writers/Speakers to cause the reader/listener to think and to make the statements interchangeable.
Chiasmus
124
Antithesis
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure.
125
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure.
Antithesis
126
Used by Writers/Speakers to compare two opposing ideas, clauses, or words using a simple manner.
Antithesis
127
Zeugma
When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.
128
When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.
Zeugma
129
Used by Writers/Speakers to enhance their writing for an intellectual audience (or to impress and fool a less intelligent one).
Zeugma
130
Parenthetical Idea
Parentheses are used to set off an idea form the rest of the sentence. It is almost considered an aside...a whisper, as should be sued sparingly for effect, rather that repeatedly. Parentheses can also be used to set off dates and numbers.
131
Parentheses are used to set off an idea form the rest of the sentence. It is almost considered an aside...a whisper, as should be sued sparingly for effect, rather that repeatedly. Parentheses can also be used to set off dates and numbers.
Parenthetical Idea
132
Used by Writers/Speakers to communicate ideas that are important enough to be included, but also not crucial to the text/speech.
Parenthetical Idea
133
Parody
An exaggerate imitation of a serious word for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases from an original, and pokes fun at it. This is also a form of allusion, since it is referencing a previous text, event, etc. The Simpsons often parody Shakespeare plays. Saturday Night Live also parodies famous persons and events. Do not confuse with satire.
134
An exaggerate imitation of a serious word for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases from an original, and pokes fun at it. This is also a form of allusion, since it is referencing a previous text, event, etc. The Simpsons often parody Shakespeare plays. Saturday Night Live also parodies famous persons and events. Do not confuse with satire.
Parody
135
Used by Writers/Speakers to poke fun at a particular event, person, or text etc.
Parody
136
Persona
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story. Do not confuse with alter-ego.
137
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story. Do not confuse with alter-ego.
Persona
138
Used by a Writer to tell a story through a mask.
Persona
139
Poetic device
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.
140
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.
Poetic device
141
Used by Writers to manipulate words in poetry to create new feelings to words, sentences, and lines.
Poetic device
142
Alliteration
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.
143
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.
Alliteration
144
Used by Writers to create repetion and create rhyme in poetry (Consonant).
Alliteration
145
Assonance
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.
146
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.
Assonance
147
Used by Writers to create repetion and create rhyme in poetry (Vowels)
Assonance
148
Consonance
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.
149
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.
Consonance
150
Used by writers/speakers to cause the readers to remember the words thaty have read/hear more.
Consonance
151
Onomatopoeia
The use of a words which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.
152
The use of a words which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.
Onomatopoeia
153
Used by Writers/Speakers to give the mind a better image and stimulate the imagination of the audience.
Onomatopoeia
154
Internal rhyme
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.
155
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.
Internal rhyme
156
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.
Internal rhyme
157
Slant rhyme
When a poet crates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly-they are merely similar.
158
When a poet crates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly-they are merely similar.
Slant rhyme
159
When a poet crates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly-they are merely similar.
Slant rhyme
160
End rhyme
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.
161
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.
End rhyme
162
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.
End rhyme
163
Rhyme Scheme
The pattern of a poem's end rhymes. For example, the following lines have a rhyme scheme of ababcdcd:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. a
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. b
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines c
And often is his gold complexion dimmed d
And every fair from fair sometime declines c
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed d
164
The pattern of a poem's end rhymes. For example, the following lines have a rhyme scheme of ababcdcd:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. a
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. b
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines c
And often is his gold complexion dimmed d
And every fair from fair sometime declines c
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed d
Rhyme Scheme
165
Used by Writers to create a theme and overarching structure that it effective and understandable by the Audience
Rhyme Scheme
166
Stressed and unstressed syllables
In every word of more that one syllable, on of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllables(s). In the name "Nathan," the first syllable is stressed. In the word "unhappiness," the second of the four syllables is stressed.
167
In every word of more that one syllable, on of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllables(s). In the name "Nathan," the first syllable is stressed. In the word "unhappiness," the second of the four syllables is stressed.
Stressed and unstressed syllables
168
Used by Writers/Speakers to draw more attention to words, by using larger words they can be stressed and thus more effective.
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables
169
Meter
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.
170
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.
Meter
171
Used by Writers to create a pattern of common time.
Meter
172
Free verse
Poetry that doesn't have much meter or rhyme.
173
Poetry that doesn't have much meter or rhyme.
Free verse
174
Used by Writers who do not want to conform to a single time step in poetry.
Free verse
175
Iambic pentameter
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables .
176
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables .
Iambic pentameter
177
Used by Writers/Speakers to create a stressed the unstressed tone that bounces the statements to create a strong tone.
Iambic pentameter
178
Sonnet
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.
179
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.
Sonnet
180
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.
Sonnet
181
Polysyndeton
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. Normally a conjunction is used only before the last item in a list. Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.
182
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. Normally a conjunction is used only before the last item in a list. Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.
Polysyndeton
183
Used by writers/Speakers who wish to label everything so that you listen to the list and do not forget an item.
Polysyndeton
184
Pun
When a word that has to or more meaning is used in a humorous way.
185
When a word that has to or more meaning is used in a humorous way.
Pun
186
Used by Writers/Speakers who want to incorporate humor into their text through wordplay.
Pun
187
Rhetoric
The art of effective communication
188
The art of effective communication
Rhetoric
189
Used by Writers/Speakers to appeal and improve the connection between creator and consumer.
Rhetoric
190
Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle
The relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject. All analysis of writing is essentially an analysis of the relationships between the points on the triangle.
191
The relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject. All analysis of writing is essentially an analysis of the relationships between the points on the triangle.
Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle
192
Used to effectively communicate (Diagram)
Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle
193
Rhetorical Question
Question not asked for information but for effect. "The angry parent asked the child, 'Are you finished interrupting me?'" In this case, the parent does not expect a reply , but simply wants to draw the child's attention to the rudeness of interrupting.
194
Question not asked for information but for effect. "The angry parent asked the child, 'Are you finished interrupting me?'" In this case, the parent does not expect a reply , but simply wants to draw the child's attention to the rudeness of interrupting.
Rhetorical Question
195
Used by a Speaker/Writer to create a situation in which the Audience answers a question in their head that is an automatic answer to anyone. (not meant to be answered)
Rhetorical Question
196
Romanticism
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature. Does not rely on traditional themes and structures.
197
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature. Does not rely on traditional themes and structures.
Romanticism
198
Used by Writers/Speakers who want to give their Audience a taste of what the world could be, rather that what is, it also blazes the trail deviating from original writing method.
Romanticism
199
Sarcasm
A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and irony are sarcastic. It is the bitter, mocking tone that separates sarcasm from mere verbal irony or satire
200
A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and irony are sarcastic. It is the bitter, mocking tone that separates sarcasm from mere verbal irony or satire
Sarcasm
201
Used by Writers/Speakers to create a situation in which the Audience can understand what has been said is not what is implied.
Sarcasm
202
Satire
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. It targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions. Good satire usually has three layers; serious on the surface; humorous when you discover that it is satire instead of reality; and serious when you discern the underlying point of the author.
203
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. It targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions. Good satire usually has three layers; serious on the surface; humorous when you discover that it is satire instead of reality; and serious when you discern the underlying point of the author.
Satire
204
Used by Speakers/Writers to bring attention to critical errors or debates in a humorous or otherwise joking way.
Satire
205
Sentence
A sentence is a group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.
206
A group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.
Sentence
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Used by Writers/Speakers to communicate ideas.
Sentence
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Appositive
A word or group of words placed beside a noun substitute to supplement it's meaning
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A word or group of words placed beside a noun substitute to supplement it's meaning
Appositive
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A word or group of words placed beside a noun substitute to supplement it's meaning
Appositive
211
Clause
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by and independent clause.
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A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by and independent clause.
Clause
213
Used by Writers/Speakers to communicate an idea or part of an idea.
Clause
214
Balanced sentence
A sentence which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale. Both parts are parallel grammatically.
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A sentence which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale. Both parts are parallel grammatically.
Balanced sentence
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Used by writers to avoid confusion in the audience between elements.
Balanced Sentence
217
Compound sentence
Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
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Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
Compound sentence
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Used by Writers/Speakers to connect two clauses that are interrelated.
Compound Sentence
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Complex sentence
Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
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Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Complex sentence
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Used by writers to bring together two clauses that have similar implications. (DC IC
Complex Sentence
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Cumulative sentence
When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements. The opposite construction is called a periodic sentence.
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When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements. The opposite construction is called a periodic sentence.
Cumulative sentence
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When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements. The opposite construction is called a periodic sentence.
Cumulative sentence
226
Antecedent
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.
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The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.
Antecedent
228
Used to Antecede
Abtecedent
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Anecdote
A brief recounting of a relevant episode. They are used in fictional texts, as a way of developing a point or humor.
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A brief recounting of a relevant episode. They are used in fictional texts, as a way of developing a point or humor.
Anecdote
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Used by a Writer/Speaker to recollect a moment from a previous time in Fiction.
Anecdote
232
Alter-ego
A character that is used by the author to speak the author's own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character. Do not confuse with Persona!
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A character that is used by the author to speak the author's own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character. Do not confuse with Persona!
Alter-ego
234
Used by a writer/speaker to communicate an idea through a character rather than saying it outright.
Alter-ego
235
Allusion
An indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar. This will allow your writing to be relatable to a wider audience.
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An indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar. This will allow your writing to be relatable to a wider audience.
Allusion
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Used by Writers/Speakers to reference something familiar to the audience to further understanding.
Allusion
238
Active Voice
The subject of the sentence preforms the action. This is a more direct and preferred style of writing in most cases. Your writing will improve by being less lifeless as the subject will act.
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The subject of the sentence preforms the action. This is a more direct and preferred style of writing in most cases. Your writing will improve by being less lifeless as the subject will act.
Active Voice
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Used by Writers/Speakers to create a more active subject rather than one that is acted upon to give the text more life.
Active Voice
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Periodic Sentence
When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
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When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
Periodic Sentence
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Used by Writers/Speakers to draw out a thought to give more information in a single sentence.
Periodic Sentence
244
Simple Sentence
Contains only one independent clause.
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Contains only one independent clause.
Simple Sentence
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Used by Writers/Speakers to communicate an idea in a simple way, or to make a statement.
Simple Sentence
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Declarative Sentence
States and idea. It does not give a command or request, nor ask a question.
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States and idea. It does not give a command or request, nor ask a question.
Declarative Sentence
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Used by Writers/Speakers to make a statement.
Declarative Sentence
250
Imperative Sentence
Issues a command.
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Issues a command.
Imperative Sentence
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Used by Writers/Speakers to give orders of what should be done to the Audience, creating a sense of authority.
Imperative Sentence
253
Interrogative Sentence
Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose.)
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Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose.)
Interrogative Sentence
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Used by Authors/Speakers to communicate a question to the Audience.
Interrogative Sentence
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Style
The choice in diction, and syntax that a writer makes.
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The choice in diction, and syntax that a writer makes.
Style
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Used by Authors/Speakers to add more of their personality into their speech or writing.
Style
259
Symbol
Anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete such as an object, actions, character... that represent something more abstract.
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Anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete such as an object, actions, character... that represent something more abstract.
Symbol
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Used by Writers/Speakers to create an object that can be focused on to make observation, or prove a point.
Symbol
262
Syntax/Sentence Variety
Grammatical arrangement of words. This is perhaps one of the most difficult concepts to master. First, a reader should examine the length of sentences (short or long). How does sentence length and structure relate to one and meaning. Are they simple, compound, compound-complex sentences? How do they relate to one another? Syntax is the grouping of words, while diction refers to the selection of individual words.
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Grammatical arrangement of words. This is perhaps one of the most difficult concepts to master. First, a reader should examine the length of sentences (short or long). How does sentence length and structure relate to one and meaning. Are they simple, compound, compound-complex sentences? How do they relate to one another? Syntax is the grouping of words, while diction refers to the selection of individual words.
Syntax/Sentence Variety
264
Used by Writers/Speakers to create a certain aspect of information flow giving their writing a more convincing flow.
Syntax/Sentence Variety
265
Theme
The central idea or message of a work. The theme may be directly stated in nonfiction works, although not necessarily. It is rarely stated directly in fiction.
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The central idea or message of a work. The theme may be directly stated in nonfiction works, although not necessarily. It is rarely stated directly in fiction.
Theme
267
Used by Writers/Speakers to convey a message to an audience this is what the entire literary piece is about.
Theme
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Thesis
The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. It should be short and clear.
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The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. It should be short and clear.
Thesis
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Used by Authors/Speakers to create a proposition, create purpose, and giver meaning.
Thesis
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Tone
A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and, organization.
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A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and, organization.
Tone
273
To identify, consider how the piece would sound if read aloud (or how the author wanted
it to sound aloud). Tone can be: playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, somber, etc.
Tone
274
Understatement
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous.
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The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous.
Understatement
276
Used by Writers/Speakers to create humor by minimizing facts that would otherwise be detrimental.
Understatement
277
Litotes
A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which would otherwise be used. Depending on the tone and context of the usage, litotes either retains the effect of understatement or becomes an intensifying expression.
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A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which would otherwise be used. Depending on the tone and context of the usage, these either retain the effect of understatement or become an intensifying expression.
Litotes
279
Used by Writers/Speakers to either intensify understatement or to make understatement become more humorous.
Litotes
280
Argument
An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion. Essentially, every essay is an argument that begins with the conclusion (the thesis) and then sets up the premises.
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An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion. Essentially, every essay is an argument that begins with the conclusion (the thesis) and then sets up the premises.
Argument
282
Used by Writers and Speakers to convince an audience that this is correct.
Argument
283
Premises
Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion.
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Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion.
Premises
285
Used by Writers/Speakers to backup a conclusion.
Premises
286
Conclusion
A conclusion is the end result of the argument – the main point being made. In an
argument one expects that the conclusion will be supported with reasons or premises. Moreover,
these premises will be true and will, in fact, lead to the conclusion.
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A conclusion is the end result of the argument – the main point being made. In an
argument one expects that the conclusion will be supported with reasons or premises. Moreover,
these premises will be true and will, in fact, lead to the conclusion.
Conclusion
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Used by Authors/Speakers to create the final statement of an argument to show that you should think this way rot that what I am saying is true.
Conclusion
289
Aristotle's Appeals
The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one's ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's.
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The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one's ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's.
Aristotle's Appeals
291
Used by a Writer/Speaker to prove that a point is valid or non-valid or at least better than someone else's claim.
Aristotle's Appeals
292
Ethos
(credibility) means being convinced by the credibility of the author. We tend to
believe people whom we respect. In an appeal to ethos, a writer tries to convince the
audience the he or she someone worth listening to, in other words an authority on the
subject, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.
293
(credibility) means being convinced by the credibility of the author. We tend to
believe people whom we respect. In an appeal to ethos, a writer tries to convince the
audience the he or she someone worth listening to, in other words an authority on the
subject, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.
Ethos
294
Used by Authors/Speakers to create a sense of authority based on credibility.
Ethos
295
Pathos
(emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. (Also see
the fallacy of appeal to emotion).
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(emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. (Also see
the fallacy of appeal to emotion).
Pathos
297
Used to make an appeal to the emotions
Pathos
298
Logos
(logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments. This is generally considered the strongest form of persuasion.
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(logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid
arguments. This is generally considered the strongest form of persuasion.
Logos
300
Used to make an appeal to logic
Logos
301
Concession
Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint. Often used to make one’s own argument
stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even
if it is presented by the opposition. Sometimes also called multiple perspectives because the
author is accepting more than one position as true.
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Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint. Often used to make one’s own argument
stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even
if it is presented by the opposition. Sometimes also called multiple perspectives because the
author is accepting more than one position as true.
Concession
303
Used to create a ceasefire in an argument, can also be revolved to create a stronger argument.
Concession
304
Conditional Statement
A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and and consequent.
305
A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and and consequent.
Conditional Statement
306
Used by Writers to create an if-then statement.
Conditional Statement
307
Contradiction
A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions, such as, “Abortion
is wrong and abortion is not wrong.” Since a claim and its contradictory cannot both be true, one
of them must be false.
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A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions, such as, “Abortion
is wrong and abortion is not wrong.” Since a claim and its contradictory cannot both be true, one
of them must be false.
Contradiction
309
Used to weigh out two sides of an argument.
Contradiction
310
Counterexample
A counterexample is an example that runs to counter a generalization, thus falsifying it.
311
A counterexample is an example that runs to counter a generalization, thus falsifying it.
Counterexample
312
Used to show that a generalization of an idea is false.
Counterexample
313
Deductive Argument
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth or the conclusion. IN a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide support for the conclusion.
314
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth or the conclusion. IN a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide support for the conclusion.
Deductive Argument
315
Used to create a sense of
Deductive Argument
316
Fallacy
A fallacy is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning. Writers do not want to make obvious
fallacies in their reasoning, but they are often used unintentionally, or when the writer thinks they
can get away with faulty logic. Common examples of fallacies include the following:
317
An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning. Writers do not want to make these obvious
in their reasoning, but they are often used unintentionally, or when the writer thinks they
can get away with faulty logic.
Fallacy
318
Used by Writers to create a false but good looking argument.
Fallacy
319
Ad hominem
Latin for "against the man". Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, feeling rather than
intellect.
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Latin for "against the man". Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, feeling rather than
intellect.
Ad hominem:
321
Used by Speakers to attack their opponent diminishing their reputation rather than their argument.
Ad hominem:
322
Appeal to authority
The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be
right. This fallacy is often used in advertising.
323
The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be
right. This fallacy is often used in advertising.
Appeal to authority
324
Using the reputation of an individual to backup an argument.
Appeal to authority
325
Appeal to the bandwagon
The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it. In the 1800's there was a widespread belief that bloodletting cured
sickness. All of these people were not just wrong, but horribly wrong, because in fact it made
people sicker. Clearly, the popularity of an idea is no guarantee that it's right. .
326
The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it. In the 1800's there was a widespread belief that bloodletting cured
sickness. All of these people were not just wrong, but horribly wrong, because in fact it made
people sicker. Clearly, the popularity of an idea is no guarantee that it's right. .
Appeal to the bandwagon
327
Using the popularity of a piece of information to prove it's truth.
Appeal to the bandwagon
328
Appeal to emotion
An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions. Common emotional appeals are an appeal to sympathy, an appeal to revenge, an appeal
to patriotism – basically any emotion can be used as an appeal.
329
An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions. Common emotional appeals are an appeal to sympathy, an appeal to revenge, an appeal
to patriotism – basically any emotion can be used as an appeal.
Appeal to emotion
330
Using the emotions behind an argument to sway the audience.
Appeal to emotion
331
Bad analogy
Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't. “We have pure
food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can't we have laws to keep
musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”
332
Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't. “We have pure
food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can't we have laws to keep
musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”
Bad analogy
333
Using two situations saying they are the same thought they are completely different causing confusion.
Bad analogy
334
Cliche thinking
Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions. “I say: ‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country
does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”
335
Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions. “I say: ‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country
does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”
Cliche thinking
336
Used to make a statement that is well-known but not necessarily true, giving the audience a sense of false trust.
Cliche thinking
337
False cause
Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.
(Sequence is not causation.) “Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons.
Therefore women’s suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons.”
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Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.
(Sequence is not causation.) “Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons.
Therefore women’s suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons.”
False cause
339
Using one event to say that the first event caused a secondary event, though there is little to no correlation.
False cause
340
Hasty generalization
A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data. “My uncle
didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
well as those who do.”
341
A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data. “My uncle
didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
well as those who do.”
Hasty generalization
342
Using generalization with little to no actual evidence
Hasty generalization
343
Non Sequitur
A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.
“Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest
religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the
principles of Hinduism must be true.”
344
A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.
“Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest
religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the
principles of Hinduism must be true.”
Non Sequitur
345
Using an invalid argument (information makes a good claim, however this was not the conclusion)
Non Sequitur
346
Slippery slope
The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome. “If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then
you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”
347
The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome. “If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then
you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”
Slippery slope
348
Used to cascade down to probable cause in an argument saying this is most likely to happen trust me.
Slippery slope
349
Inductive argument
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion. In an inductive argument, the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if
they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false. (also see deductive argument)
350
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion. In an inductive argument, the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if
they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false. (also see deductive argument)
Inductive argument
351
Using probable truth to create a probable situation overall shaky argument.
Inductive argument
352
Sound argument
A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.
353
A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.
Sound argument
354
Using correct premises that are proven and can be tested, secondly the conclusion is proven by said premises.
Sound argument
355
Unstated premises
Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed. If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated
that Rover is a dog. Here the unstated premise is no problem; indeed it would probably be obvious
in context. But sometimes unstated premises are problematic, particularly if two parties in a
discussion are making differing assumptions.
356
Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed. If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated
that Rover is a dog. Here the unstated premise is no problem; indeed it would probably be obvious
in context. But sometimes unstated premises are problematic, particularly if two parties in a
discussion are making differing assumptions.
Unstated premises
357
Using the Audience's inference to create a stronger argument without using actual fact.
Unstated premises
358
Valid argument
An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
359
An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
Valid argument
360
Uses logical information to back up an argument.
Valid argument
AP Glossary Flash Cards
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