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AP Psychology > AP Psychology Exam Terms PART 2 > Flashcards

AP Psychology Exam Terms PART 2 Flashcards

All the vocab needed for the 2024 AP Psychology Exam on May 9.

1
Q

Stroboscopic movement

A

Motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images.

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2
Q

Interposition

A

Overlapping images appear closer.

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3
Q

Relative Size

A

2 objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away.

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4
Q

Relative Clarity

A

Hazy objects appear further away.

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5
Q

Texture Gradient

A

Coarser (rough) objects are closer.

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6
Q

Relative Height

A

Things higher in our field of vision look further away.

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7
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines are converged (tend to meet) with distance (think railroad tracks). THINK OF THE ROAD DRAWINGS YOU MADE AS A KID WHERE THE ROAD GETS SMALLER WHEN THE LINES GET CLOSER TOGETHER AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE.

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8
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Image is cast slightly different on each retinal location of image helps us determine depth.

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9
Q

Convergence

A

Eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw nearer. CROSS-EYED.

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10
Q

Outer Ear

A

Ear, Auditory canal.

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11
Q

Middle Ear

A

Ear drum, HAS bones that vibrate to send signal.

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12
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea (sounds 1st processed here).

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13
Q

Theories of Hearing occur where?

A

In the COCHLEA.

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14
Q

Place theory

A

Location where hair cells bends determines sound (high pitches).

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15
Q

Frequency theory

A

Rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches).

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16
Q

Pain -> Gate-Control theory

A

We have to “gate” to control how much pain is experienced.

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17
Q

Kinesthetic

A

Sense of body position.

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18
Q

Vestibular

A

A sense of balance (semicircular canals in the inner ear affect this).

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19
Q

Taste (gustation)

A

5 taste receptors:
1. Bitter
2 Salty
3. Sweet
4. Sour
5. Umami (savory)

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20
Q

Smell (olfaction)

A

Only sense that does NOT route through the Thalamus 1st. Goes to temporal Lobe and Amygdala.

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21
Q

Figure/ground

A

Organize information into figures object (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (back ground).

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22
Q

Closure

A

Tendency to mentally fill in gaps.

TO CLOSE.

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23
Q

Proximity

A

Tendency to group things together that appear near each other.

APPROXIMATELY THIS CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.

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24
Q

Similarity

A

Tendency to group things together based on looks.

“They look similar because of their clothes.”

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25
Q

Continuity

A

Tendency to mentally form a continuous line.

CONTINUING THE LINE.

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26
Q

Beta Waves

A

Awake.

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27
Q

Alpha Waves

A

High amp drowsy.

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28
Q

Stage 1

A

Usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5% of a normal night of sleep.
Consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency).
LIGHT SLEEP.

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29
Q

Stage 2

A

Occupies approximately 45%-60% of sleep.
BURSTS OF SLEEP SPINDLES.

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30
Q

Stage 3

A

Delta Waves: Deep sleep
- lasts 15-30 minutes
- called “slow wave” sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the “theta” rhythm of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called “Delta.”
- Delta sleep is the deepest stage of sleep and occupies up to 40% of all children.

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31
Q

Stage 4

A

Extremely deep sleep
- similar to stage 3
- Delta and slow wave are most used terms to describe this deep, slow sleep
- a sleep deprived person’s brain craves Delta sleep

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32
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) - Stage 5

A

ACTIVE STAGE OF SLEEP
- composes 20-255 of a normal night’s sleep
- Breathing, heart rate and the brain wave activity quicken
- Vivid dreams can occur
- lasts longer throughout the night
FROM REM SLEEP YOU GO BACK TO STAGE 2.

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33
Q

Freud’s Unconscious Wish Fulfillment

A

Dreaming is gratification of unconscious desires and needs.

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34
Q

Activation Synthesis

A

The brain produces random bursts of energy - stimulating lodged memories. Dreams start randomly, then develop meaning.

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35
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Triggers dopamine release in the brain.

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36
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opiates (narcotics), Decrease sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive.

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37
Q

Stimulants

A

Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), Caffeine, Nicotine, Increase sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive.

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38
Q

Hallucinogens

A

LSD, Marijuana - Causes hallucinations, not very addictive.

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39
Q

Tolerance

A

Needing more of a drug to achieve the same effects.

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40
Q

Dependence

A

Become addicted to the drug - must have it to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

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41
Q

Withdrawal

A

Psychological and physiological symptoms associated with sudden stoppage.

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42
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Brings about response without needing to be learned (food).

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43
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Response that naturally occurs without training (salivate).

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44
Q

Neutral Response (NS)

A

Stimulus that normally doesn’t evoke a response (bell).

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45
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Once neutral stimulus that now brings about a response (bell).

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46
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Response that, after conditioning, follows a CS (salivate).

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47
Q

Contiguity

A

Timing of the pairing, NS/CS must be presented immediately BEFORE the US.

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48
Q

Acquisition

A

Process of learning the response pairing.

49
Q

Extinction

A

Previously conditioned response dies out over time.

50
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After a period of time, the CR comes back out of nowhere.

51
Q

Generalization

A

CR to like stimuli (similar sounding bell).

52
Q

Discrimination

A

CR to ONLY the CS.

53
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

SKINNER!!!!

54
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

IVAN PAVLOV!!!!

55
Q

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

A

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, negative outcomes weaken a behavior.

56
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Adding something nice to increase a behavior (gold star for turning in HW).

57
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Taking something bad/annoying away to increase a behavior (put on the seatbelt to take away annoying car signal).

58
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Add something bad to decrease a behavior (spanking).

59
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Take away something good to decrease a behavior (take away car keys).

60
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Innately satisfying (food and water).

61
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Everything else (stickers, high-fives).

62
Q

Token Reinforcer

A

Type of secondary reinforcer - can be exchanged for other stuff (game tokens or money).

63
Q

Generalization

A

Respond to similar stimulus for reward.

64
Q

Discrimination

A

Stimulus signals when behavior will or will not be reinforced (light on means response are accepted).

65
Q

Extinction/Spontaneous Recovery

A

Same as Classical conditioning.

66
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Reinforcing behaviors that are intrinsically motivating causes you to stop doing them (give a child $5 for reading when they already like to read - they stop reading).

67
Q

Shaping

A

Use successive approximations to train behavior (reward desired behaviors to teach a response - rat basketball).

68
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

Reward every _ number of responses (every 10 envelopes stuffed get $$).

69
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule

A

Reward every _ amount of time passed (every 2 weeks get a paycheck).

70
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

Rewarded after a random number of responses (slot machine)

71
Q

Variable Interval Schedule

A

Rewarded after a random amount of time has passed (fishing).

72
Q

Variable Schedules are most resistant to what?

A

EXTINCTION!

73
Q

Method of Loci

A

Using locations to remember a list of items in order.

74
Q

Context of dependent memory

A

Where you learn the info you best remember the info.

74
Q

Storage

A

Retaining info over time.

74
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory model.

75
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Stores all incoming stimuli that you received (first you have to pay attention). INVOLVES THE FIVE SENSES.

76
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual memory, last 0.3 seconds.

77
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory memory, lasts 2-3 seconds.

78
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Info passes from sensory memory to short term memory - lasts 30 seconds and can remember about 7 items.

79
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Memory that can be stored for a sustained period of time.

80
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating the information.

Resets the clock… recently rehearsed items move up the clock for how long it will be remembered.

81
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Long term memory from meaning, understanding, and conceptual facts.

82
Q

Implicit Memory

A

(Nondeclarative) - unconscious recollection of memory.

83
Q

Priming

A

Info that is seen earlier “primes” you to remember something later on.

84
Q

Procedural

A

Skills + Memory Organization

85
Q

Hierarchies

A

Memory is stored according to a hierarchy.

86
Q

Schemas

A

Preexisting mental concept of how something should look (like a restaurant). MEMORY STORAGE.

87
Q

Cerebellum

A

For procedural memories.

88
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Neutral basis of memory - connections are strengthened over time with repeated stimulation (more firing of neurons).

89
Q

Retrieval

A

Taking info out of storage.

90
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Tendency to remember the beginning and the end of the list best.

91
Q

Recall

A

Remember what you’ve been told without cues.

92
Q

Recognition

A

Remember what you’ve been told without cues (MC).

93
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Particularly vivid memories for highly important events (9/11 attacks).

94
Q

Repressed memories

A

unconsciously buried memories - are unreliable.

95
Q

Encoding failure

A

Forget info because you never encoded it (paid attention to it) in the first place.

96
Q

Forgetting curve

A

Recall decreases rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau after which little more is forgotten (EBBINGHAUS).

97
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old information blocks new information.

98
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New info blocks old information.

99
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation (Loftus - lost in the mall, Disneyland).

100
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Information moves forward (forget new info - 50 first dates).

101
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Amnesia moves backwards (forget old info).

102
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Caused by destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus.

103
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Loss of dopamine.

104
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Myelin Sheath degenerates.

105
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound (ch sound in chat).

106
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit that carries meaning (syllable).

107
Q

Grammar

A

Rules in a language that enable us to communicate.

108
Q

Semantics

A

Set of rules by which we derive meaning (adding -ed makes something past tense).

109
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for combining words into sentences.

110
Q

Babbling Stage

A

Infants babble 1st stage of speech.

111
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforced for language use.

112
Q

Inborn Universal Grammar

A

Theory comes from NOAM CHOMSKY
- says that language is innate and we are predisposed to learn it.

113
Q

Critical Period

A

Period of time where something must be learned or else it cannot ever happen (language must be learned young - Genie the Wild Child).

114
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Language influences the way we think.
Developed by WHORF.

115
Q

Concepts

A

Mental categories used to group objects, events, characteristics.

116
Q

Prototypes

A

All instances of a concept are compared to an ideal example (what you first think of).

117
Q

Algorithims

A

Step by step strategies that guarantee a solution (formula).

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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