UNIT 4

Question 1

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 1

A type of unconscious or automatic learning

Question 2

Who discovered Classical Conditioning?

Answer 2

Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?

Answer 3

A stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response

Question 4

What is an Unconditioned Response?

Answer 4

An automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present

Question 5

What is a Neutral Stimulus?

Answer 5

A stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own

Question 6

What is a Conditioned Stimulus?

Answer 6

A stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response), but now leads to a response

Question 7

What is a Conditioned Response?

Answer 7

A learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before

Question 8

What is Acquisition?

Answer 8

The initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened

Question 9

What is Extinction?

Answer 9

The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears

Question 10

What is Stimulus Discrimination?

Answer 10

The ability to notice the difference (differentiate) between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditional stimulus

Question 11

What is Stimulus Generalization?

Answer 11

The tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

Question 12

What is Shaping?

Answer 12

A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal

Question 13

What is Higher Order Conditioning?

Answer 13

Also known as second-order conditioning, is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus of another

Question 14

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 14

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and diminished if followed by punishment

Question 15

What is a Reinforcer?

Answer 15

Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows

Two types: Positive and Negative

Question 16

What is a Positive Reinforcer?

Answer 16

Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

Question 17

What is a Negative Reinforcer?

Answer 17

Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (disliked) stimulus

Question 18

What is Punishment?

Answer 18

An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows

Also has positive and negative

Question 19

What is a Positive Punishment?

Answer 19

Adding an aversive (a strongly disliked event) stimulus after an unwanted behavior to discourage a person from repeating the behavior

Question 20

What is a Negative Punishment?

Answer 20

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.. in other words, taking something desirable away

Question 21

What is a Continuous Reinforcement?

Answer 21

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction

Question 22

What is a Partial Reinforcement?

Answer 22

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Acquisition process is slower
Greater resistance to extinction

Question 23

What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?

Answer 23

A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 24

What is a Variable-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?

Answer 24

A schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 25

What is a Fixed-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?

Answer 25

A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 26

What is a Variable-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?

Answer 26

A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 27

What was the Skinner Box?

Answer 27

Also known as the Operant Conditioning Chamber, is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals Contains a bar or key that an animal subject can manipulate in order to obtain reinforcement

Question 28

What is Insight Learning?

Answer 28

A **sudden** realization of a solution to a problem

Question 29

What is Latent Learning?

Answer 29

Learning that occurs but is not apparent (obvious) until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 30

What is Social-Cognitive Learning?

Answer 30

Also known as the Social Learning Theory, it emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others Considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior

Question 31

Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 31

Albert Bandura

Question 32

What is Learned Helplessness?

Answer 32

Occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so

Question 33

Child misbehaving and get their favorite toy taken away...

Answer 33

Negative Punishment A stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior

Question 34

Having to do chores...

Answer 34

Positive Punishment Adding an aversive (unwanted/disliked) stimulus to discourage a behavior

Question 35

Going to bed on time on the weekdays so you can have a later bedtime on the weekend...

Answer 35

Positive reinforcement Doing something (going to bed on time) to get something positive in return... staying up later on the weekend

Question 36

Pushing the snooze button on your alarm to stop the annoying buzzing/noises

Answer 36

Negative reinforcement You are stopping/reducing something that is an aversive stimulus.. the alarm

Question 37

Putting on sunglasses to avoid the glare from the sun hurting your eyes

Answer 37

Negative reinforcement Putting on sunglasses removes the aversive stimulus (the sun's glare)

Question 38

Studying so you do not get a bad grade on the test

Answer 38

Negative reinforcement Doing something so you do not get an aversive stimulus presented to you... the bad grade

Question 39

Running into the wall while texting

Answer 39

Positive Punishment Adding an aversive stimulus (running into a wall), to discourage the behavior of texting and not looking where you're going

Question 40

Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen... What is the Uncontrolled Stimulus? What is the Uncontrolled Response?

Answer 40

US: The kitchen UR: Hunger

Question 41

Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen... What is the Controlled Stimulus? What is the Controlled Response?

Answer 41

CS: Going into the kitchen...hungry or not CR: Gets hungry