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AP Psychology > UNIT 6 > Flashcards

UNIT 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Stage 1 of the Prenatal Development? What is the timing?

A

The Zygote - Lasts about 2 weeks
- Less than half of all Zygotes survive first 2 weeks
- About 10 days after conception, the Zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall

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2
Q

What is Stage 2 of the Prenatal Development? What is the timing?

A

The Embryo - Lasts 6 weeks
- Happens 2 weeks after the Zygote
- Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop

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3
Q

What is Stage 3 of the Prenatal Development? What is the timing?

A

The Fetus
- Happens 9 weeks after the Embryo stage
- By about the 6th month, the stomach and organs have developed enough to survive outside of the mother
- The baby can hear and recognize sounds and respond to light

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4
Q

What stage is when a baby’s heart will begin to beat?

A

The Embryo Stage (2nd Stage)

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5
Q

What is Teratogen?

A

Harmful agents to the Prenatal environment.

Could be nutrition, illness, or substance abuse.

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6
Q

What does it mean when a newborn has a “rooting reflex?”

A

A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open mouth and search for food.

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7
Q

What are two things a Newborn does?

A
  1. Turn towards human voices
  2. Gaze longer at human face like images
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8
Q

What is Maturation?

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

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9
Q

What did Piaget think about children?

A

They are active thinkers and are always trying to make sense of the world. To make sense of the world, they develop schemas.

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10
Q

What is a Schema?

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

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11
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

Interpreting one’s new experiences into one’s existing

NO CHANGE IN SCHEMA

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12
Q

What is Accommodation?

A

Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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13
Q

What is Object Permanence?

A

We are able to “see” objects even when they are out of sight.

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14
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

The inability to take on another’s point of view.

IN THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

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15
Q

What is Conservation?

A

The ability to know that physical properties, like mass and volume, are the same even if the object is in a different form.

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE

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16
Q

What is Reversibility?

A

Thinking logically, using analogies, and performing mathematical transformations.

EX: 5+9 is the same as 9+5

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17
Q

What is Sensorimotor?

A

A stage in development in which babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.

OBJECT PERMANENCE

18
Q

What is Preoperational?

A

A stage in development between the ages of 2 and 6 when a child learns to use language.

At the end of the stage, you can understand conservation.

19
Q

What is Concrete Operational?

A

A stage in development between 7-11 years old in which you can understand the concept of conservation and can think logically, use analogies and perform mathematical transformations.

20
Q

What is Formal Operational?

A

A stage in development in which we can reason abstractly.
11-12 years old

21
Q

What is the Theory of Mind?

A

A person’s general understanding that the people around them each have their own unique beliefs, perceptions, and desires.

22
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

A
  • We develop by internalizing our cultures language and relying on inner speech
  • Emphasized how our minds grow through social interaction
23
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

A

The Zone between what a child can and cannot do.

24
Q

What did Harry Harlow’s experiment with Monkeys prove?

A

The fact that the monkeys grew the most attached to the cloth mother, who satisfied no physical needs of the monkeys, showed that love and comfort were non-physical needs.

25
Q

Describe Konrad Lorenz’s research…

A

He deepened the understanding of attachment in children by looking at a process called IMPRINTING.

26
Q

What is the 1st type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth?

A

70 % of Infants - Secure:
- Distressed when the mother leaves
- Avoidant of strangers when alone, but friendly with mother around
- Positive and happy when mother returns
- Uses the mother as a safe base to explore their environment

27
Q

What is the 2nd type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth?

A

15 % of Infants - Resistant:
- Intense distress when the mother leaves
- The infant avoids the stranger/shows fear of the stranger
- The infant approaches the mother, but resists contact, may even push her away
- The infant cries more and explores less than the other two types

28
Q

What is the 3rd type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth?

A

15% of Infants - Avoidant:
- No sign of distress when the mother leaves
- The infant is okay with the stranger and plays normally when the stranger is present
- The infant shows little interest when the mother returns
- The mother and stranger are able to comfort the infant equally well

29
Q

Is Temperament stable or changing over time?

A

Remains STABLE over time

30
Q

What is the 1st parenting style?

A

Authoritarian Parents
- Impose rules and obedience
- “Why, because I said so!!!”

31
Q

What is the 2nd parenting style?

A

Permissive Parents
- Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment

32
Q

What is the 3rd parenting style?

A

Authoritative Parents
- Parents are both demanding and responsive
- Exert control by setting rules, but explain reasoning behind the rules
- Encourage open discussion

33
Q

What is the 1st level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?

A

Preconventional Morality
- Morality of self-interest
- Actions are either to avoid punishments or to gain rewards

34
Q

What is the 2nd level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?

A

Conventional Morality
Morality is based upon obeying laws to:
1. Maintain social order
2. To gain social approval

35
Q

What is the 3rd level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?

A

Post-conventional Morality
- Morality is based on your own ethical principles

36
Q

What did Carol Gilligan believe about moral development?

A

Moral development is different for women…
- Women form their Moral and ethical foundation based on how their decisions will affect others
- Follows Kohlberg’s stages but are based upon research with women

37
Q

What is the 1st stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust
- Birth-18 months
- Important event: feeding
- INFANTS FORM A LOVING, TRUSTING RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARENTS
- THEY ALSO LEARN HOW TO MISTRUST OTHERS

38
Q

What is the 5th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Adolescence
- Important event: Peers
- TEENS MUST ACHIEVE SELF-IDENTITY WHILE DECIPHERING THEIR ROLES IN OCCUPATION, POLITICS, AND RELIGION

39
Q

What is the 6th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Young Adult
- Important Event: Relationships
- THE YOUNG ADULT MUST DEVELOP MARRIAGE-SEEKING RELATIONSHIPS WHILE COMBATING FEELINGS OF ISOLATION

40
Q

What is the 7th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Middle Adult
- Important event: parenting
- ASSUMING THE ROLE OF PARENTS SIGNIFIES THE NEED TO CONTINUE THE GENERATIONS WHILE AVOIDING THE INEVITABLE FEELING OF FAILURE

41
Q

What is the 8th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?

A

Integrity vs. Despair
- Late adult
- Important event: life reflection
- ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S LIFETIME ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND SENSE OF FULFILLMENT

42
Q

As we age we…

A
  1. Experience conflicts
  2. Determine who we are
  3. Make relationships
  4. Reflect on our life so far

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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