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AP Psychology > AP Psychology Exam Terms PART 3 > Flashcards

AP Psychology Exam Terms PART 3 Flashcards

All the vocab needed for the 2024 AP Psychology Exam on May 9.

1
Q

Belief Bias

A

Tendency of one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions.

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2
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.

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3
Q

Instinct

A

Complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned.

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4
Q

Drive Reduction

A

Physiological need Creates arousal tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need.

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5
Q

Optimum Arousal

A

Humans aim to seek optimum levels of arousal - easier tasks requires more arousal, harder tasks need less.

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulation increases sexual behavior, destruction leads to sexual inhibition.

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7
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Monitors, initiates, and restricts hormones.

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8
Q

Industrial/Organizational Psych

A

Psychological of the workplace - focuses on employee recruitment, placement, training, satisfaction, productivity.

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9
Q

Zygote

A

0-14 days, cells are dividing.

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10
Q

Embryo

A

Until about 9 weeks, vital organs are being formed.

The heart begins to develop/beat.

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11
Q

Fetus

A

9 weeks to birth, overall development

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12
Q

Teratogens

A

External agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development.

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13
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Large amount of alcohol leads to FAS, causes deformities, mental retardation, death.

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14
Q

Maturation

A

Natural course of development, occurs no matter what (walking).

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15
Q

Reflexes

A

Innate responses we’re born with.

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16
Q

Habituation

A

After continual exposure, you pay less attention - used to test babies.

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17
Q

Visual Cliff Experiment

A

Babies have to learn depth perception, so they will cross a “Cliff.”

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18
Q

Who created Cognitive Development?

A

Jean Piaget.

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19
Q

Schemas

A

Concepts or frameworks that organize info.

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20
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporate new info into existing schema (aSSimilation = Same Stuff).

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21
Q

Accomodation

A

Adjust existing schemas to incorporate new information (ACcommodation = All Change).

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22
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth to 2 years: focused on exploring the world around them.

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23
Q

Develop Sense of Self

A

By 2 years, can recognize themselves in the mirror.

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24
Q

Pre-operational Stage:

A

2-7 years: use pretend play, developing language, using intuitive reasoning.

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25
Q

Lack Conservation

A

Recognize that substances remain the same despite changes in shape, length, or position (girls with juice in glasses).

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26
Q

Egocentric

A

Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from another’s - think everyone sees what they see.

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27
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

7-11 yrs: use Operational thinking, classification, and can think logical in concrete context.

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28
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

11-15 yrs: use abstract and idealist thoughts, hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

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29
Q

Temperament

A

Patterns of emotional reactions and babies.

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30
Q

Harry Harlow

A

MONKEY EXPERIMENT
- discovered that contact comfort is more important than feeding.

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31
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Attachment Style.

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32
Q

Secure attachment

A

(60% of infants)
- upset when mom leaves, easily calmed on return
- tend to be more stable adults

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33
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

(20% of infants)
- actively avoids mom, doesn’t care when she leaves

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34
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

(10% of infants)
- actively avoids mom, freaks out when she leaves

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35
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

(5% of infants)
- confused, fearful, dazed
RESULT OF ABUSE

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36
Q

Baumrind

A

Parenting Styles.

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37
Q

Authoritarian Style

A

Rules & Obedience
- “my way or the highway”
- kids lack initiative in college

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38
Q

Permissive Style

A

Kids do whatever
- no rules
- kids lack initiative in college

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39
Q

Authoritative Style

A

Give and take with kids
- kids become socially competent and reliable

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40
Q

Who created Moral Development?

A

KOHLBERG!!!

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41
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

Children: they follow rules to avoid punishment.

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42
Q

Conventional Morality

A

Adolescents: follow rules because rules exist to keep order.

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43
Q

Post conventional Morality

A

Adults: they do what they believe is right.

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44
Q

Who created Socioemotional Development?

A

Erik Erikson and his stages.

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45
Q

First Stage

A

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 months):
if needs are dependably met, infants develop basic trust.

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46
Q

Second Stage

A

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 yrs):
toddlers learn to exercise their will and think for themselves.

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47
Q

Third Stage

A

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs):
learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans.

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48
Q

Fourth Stage

A

Industry vs. Inferiority (6 yrs to puberty):
learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks.

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49
Q

Fifth Stage

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence through 20s):
refine a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity.

50
Q

Sixth Stage

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s-40s):
form close relationships and gain capacity for love.

51
Q

Seventh Stage

A

Generativity vs. Information (40s-60s):
discover a sense of contributing to the world, through family & work.

52
Q

Eighth and final Stage

A

Integrity vs. Despair (60s and up):
reflect on your life, feel satisfaction or failure.

53
Q

Puberty

A

Rapid Skeletal and sexual Maturation.

54
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Necessary structures for reproduction.

55
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Nonreproductive characteristics that develop during puberty.

56
Q

Frontal lobe is not fully developed until what age?

A

25.

57
Q

Gender roles

A

expected behaviors (norms) for men/women.

58
Q

What did Sigmund Freud say about personality?

A

It was largely unconscious.

59
Q

Conscious

A

Immediate awareness of current environment.

60
Q

Preconscious

A

Available to awareness.

61
Q

Unconscious

A

Unavailable to awareness.

62
Q

id

A

Our hidden, true, animalistic wants and desires - operates on the pleasure principle, all about rewards and avoiding pain.

63
Q

Superego

A

Our moral conscious.

64
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle, has to deal with society, stuck mediating between the id and superego.

65
Q

Sublimination

A

Replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one.

66
Q

First Stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A

Oral Stage (0-18 months)
- pleasure focuses on the mouth (id)

67
Q

Second Stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A

Anal stage (18-36 months)
- pleasure involves eliminative functions (ego forms)

68
Q

Third Stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A

Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs)
- pleasure focuses on genitals (superego forms)

69
Q

Oedipal Complex

A

Young boys learn to identify with their father out of fear of retribution (castration anxiety).

70
Q

Electra Complex

A

Young girls learn to identify with their mother because they cannot with their father (penis envy).

71
Q

Latency Stage

A

(6 yrs to puberty)
- personality is set

72
Q

Genital Stage

A

(adulthood)
- sexual reawakening
- turn sexual wants onto an appropriate person

73
Q

Fixation

A

Can become “stuck” in an earlier stage - influences personality (oral stage, smokes/drinks, anal is “anal retentive”, phallic is promiscuous).

74
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Analyze a person’s unconscious motives through the use of free association.

75
Q

Free Association

A

Say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation.

76
Q

Projective Tests

A

Ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives.

77
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Tell a story about a picture. Used for personality.

78
Q

Rorschach inkblot

A

Show an inkblot to individual.

79
Q

Carl Jung

A

Believed in the collective unconscious (shared inherited reservoir of memory - explains common myths across civilization & time).

80
Q

Karen Horney

A

Said personality develops in context of social relationships, NOT sexual urges.

81
Q

Traits

A

Enduring personality characteristics.

82
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Belief that one can succeed, so you ensure you do.

83
Q

Wechsler

A

Developed the WAIS and WISC - most commonly used today.

84
Q

Flynn effect

A

IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years - probably due to education standards and better IQ tests.

85
Q

Standardization

A

Administer a test to a representative sample of future test takers to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.

86
Q

Valid

A

Test is accurate - measures what it is intended to.

87
Q

Content validity

A

Test measures what you want it to.

88
Q

Predictive validity

A

Test is able to accurately predict a trait (high math scores predict a good engineer).

89
Q

John Watson

A

Little Albert experiment.

90
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; Believed that people are primarily searching or self-esteem and achieving the ideal self.

91
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic psychologist who believed in Unconditional Positive Regard (reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self awareness or their feelings; client centered therapy).

92
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Father of Classical Conditioning.

93
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms extroversion and introversion.

94
Q

S. Schacter

A

Believed that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and must then label the arousal.

95
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
1. Academic problem-solving
2. Practical intelligence
3. Creative intelligence

96
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Theory of multiple intelligences.

97
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational learning with the BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT.

98
Q

Thorndike

A

Law of effect.

99
Q

Alfred Binet

A

General IQ tests.

100
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Revised Binet’s IQ test and established norms for American Children.

101
Q

David Wechsler

A

Established an intelligence test especially for adults (Wechsler Intelligence Test for Adults).

102
Q

Charles Spearman

A

All cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled “g” for general ability.

If you’re good at one thing, you’re most likely going to be good at another thing.

103
Q

H. Rorschach

A

Developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the inkblots nd projects to the observer the aspects of their personality.

104
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT.

Proved that people’s behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play.

105
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully.

106
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

107
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.

108
Q

Two-Factor Theory of Schachter’s theory

A

To experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

109
Q

Cognitive-Dissonance

A

We act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

110
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

111
Q

Corpus Callosum vs. Cerebral Cortex

A

Corpus callosum divides the brain.

Cerebral Cortex covers the brain.

112
Q

lateral hypothalamus vs. ventromedial hypothalamus

A

lateral hypothalamus stimulates hunger.

Ventromedial hypothalamus suppresses hunger.

113
Q

Identical twins vs. fraternal twins

A

Identical twins have the same fertilized egg.

Fraternal twins have two separate eggs.

114
Q

Afferent neurons vs. efferent neurons

A

Afferent (sensory, body to the brain).

Efferent (motor, brain to the body).

115
Q

Assimilation vs. Accommodation

A

Assimilation (all four-legged animals are “doggies”).

Accommodation (“doggies are different then “kitties”).

116
Q

Concrete operations vs. Formal operations

A

Concrete = logical thinking.

Formal = philosophical thinking.

117
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation = bottom-up processing.

Perception = top-down processing.

118
Q

Primacy effect vs. recency effect

A

Primacy = first items remembered.

Recency = last items remembered.

119
Q

Fluid vs. crystalized intelligence

A

Fluid = brain power.

Crystalized = acquired knowledge.

120
Q

Lithium vs. Librium

A

Lithium = treats bipolar.

Librium = treats anxiety.

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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