AP Psychology Important People Flashcards by Rowan English

Alfred Adler

*Neo-Freudian focused on parenting styles
*we are born weak and strive to overcome deficiencies by becoming superior (inferiority complex)

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Mary Ainsworth

*emotion attachment studied w/ The Ainsworth Strange Situation Experiment

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Gordon Allport

*personality can be organized into 3 levels of traits
*cardinal traits shape behavior (rare, people lack single themes)
*central traits are general characteristics in every person
*secondary traits only seen in certain circumstances

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Albert Bandura

*social learning theory explained by Bobo Doll Study
*aggression learned through observation and imitation

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Aaron Beck

*father of cognitive therapy
*specialized in clinical depression - depression is a cognitive triad (negative thoughts about themselves, future, the world)

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Alfred Binet

*designed first widely used intelligence test
*IQ test
*later: Stanford-Binet test

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Paul Broca

*Broca’s Area: damage to a specific area in L frontal lobe causes trouble forming words (language still comprehensible, understand language, sing)

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Raymond Cattell

*16 personalities/16 personality factor model

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Naom Chomsky

*modern linguistics
*certain aspects of linguistic knowledge innate

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Hermann Ebbinghause

*forgetting curve - we forget information within the first 20 minutes/hour/day, exponential

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Paul Ekman

*studied facial expressions and how they reflect emotions
*6 basic, universal emotions: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise

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Albert Ellis

*REBT: rational emotive behavior therapy helps patients overcome irrational thoughts
*eliminate self defeating thoughts and focus on beneficial thoughts

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Erik Erikson

*Neo-Freudian focused on stages of psychosocial development

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Hans Eysenck

*intelligence largely inherited
*all personality traits summarized by supertraits
*introversion/extroversion and emotional stability/neuroticism (OCEAN)

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Sigmund Freud

*father of moden psychology
*psychotherapy
*the unconscious determines all (dreams, fee association, hypnosis)
*psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital)
*id, edo, superego

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Phineas Gage

*worker who had an iron rod go completely through his L frontal lobe, became very angry post accident
*specific areas of brain affect personality

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Howard Gardner

*multiple intelligences (opposed Spearman)
*8 smarts

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Carol Gilligan

*believed Kholberg’s theory of moral development was male-centerd
*boys more likely to be moral
*girls more likely to consider relationships

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Francis Galton

*nature vs. nurture (said nature ruled)
*how do genetics affect individualism?

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Daniel Goleman

*emotional intelligence: how well you handle feeling and how well you get along w/ others
*EQ more indicative than IQ

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Harry Harlow

*raised monkeys w/ artificial mothers - nourishment vs. comfort
*humans are social and need contact to thrive

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Ernest Hilgard

*researched hypnosis
*hidden observer: person undergoing hypnosis can observe their pain w/o feeling suffering

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Karen Horney

*Neo-Freudian who said parental indifference caused neurosis
*Oedipus Complex can be overcome w/ loving parents

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William James & Carl Lange

*James: functionalism movement - function>structure of conscious
*James-Lange Theory of emotion: emotions occue bc of physiological rxns to events (how our bodies react determines what emotion will be felt)

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Carl Jung

*collective unconscious: shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from species history *'masks' worn in social situations

Garcia & Koelling

*studied taste aversion in rats after radiation *radiation made them nauseous, sensation paired with taste of water

Lawrence Kohlberg

*3 moral development stages (preconventional, conventional, post-conditional)

Elizabeth Loftus

*false memory formation *misinformation effect *studied with car crash experiment

Konrad Lorenz

*critical period for attachment - imprinting

Abraham Maslow

*founded humanistic psych (individual and self directed choices influence behavior) *Hierarchy of Needs

Stanley Milgram

*Milgram Experiment studied effects of authority on individuals *conformity vs. obedience

Ivan Pavlov

*experimentation with dogs led him to discover classical conditioning *spontaneous recovery

Jean Piaget

*cognitive development of children *4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, operational, concrete operational

Carl Rogers

*humanistic psychologist *self-concept and self-actualization *unconditional positive regard

Hermann Rorschach

*Rorschach Inkblot Test *parts of personality will project onto stimuli

David Rosenhan

*tested validity of psychiatric diagnosis of insanity *Rosenhan Thud experiment

Martin Seligman

*learned helplessness: one acts helpless in a situation if they cannot stop harmful stimulus (even if they have the power to stop it)

Hans Selye

*GAS: general adaptation syndrome (alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion)

Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer

*2 factory theory of emotion (emotions are affected by physical arousal + cognitive labeling of feeling) *one must have conscious interpretation of arousal

B.F. Skinner

*operant conditioning studied w/ Skinner Boxes *rats placed in operant conditioning chamber *behaviorist

Charles Spearman

*G - general intelligence *only 1 type of intelligence (tested by IQ)

George Sperling

*iconic sensory memory (visual memory allows people to remember more than just hearing something)

Robert Sternberg

*3 aspects of intelligence - analytical, creative, practical *more to creativity than intelligence tests reveal

Louis Terman

*revised Binet's earlier test *invented Stanford-Binet IQ Test *'gifted' children scored highly on tests

Edward L. Thorndike

*law of effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur, punished behavior is unlikely to recur

Edward Tolman

*latent learning *behavioral therapy *studied rates in mazes

John Watson

*behviorsim *Little Albert Experiment proved classical conditioning

Ernst Weber

*sensation *difference threshold *Weber's Law: for someone to perceive a difference btwn 2 stimuli, stimuli must be in constant proportion

Benjamin Whorf

*language and grammar patterns shape view of reality

Wilhelm Wundt

*est. first psych lab in Germany *introspection *structuralism

Philip Zimbardo

*role playing affects attitudes *Stanford Prison Study vastly changed ethical standards of experimentation

Mary Whilton Calkins

*first female president of the APA

Charles Darwin

*theory of evolution and natural selection *theory of animal man

Stanley Hall

*founded APA *former student of Wundt

Margaret Floy Washburn

*first woman to earn doctorate in psychology in US

Carl Wernicke

*damage to superior posterior region of L temporal lobe causes jumbled incomprehensible speech

Wolfgang Kohler

*gestalt psychiatrist *insight learning *chimpanzee experiment

George A. Miller

*the magical number 7 +/- 2 for short term memory

David Wechsler

*developed WAIS and WISC

Soloman Asch

*studied conformity with Line Experiment

Leon Festinger

*cognitive dissonance (we relieve discomfort by changing thoughts/attitudes rather than behavior)

AP Psychology Important People Flashcards

(61 cards)