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Psychology > Unit 1 Vocab - Historical Approaches/Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 1 Vocab - Historical Approaches/Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in experience
and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and
experimentation

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3
Q

structuralism

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
Study consciousness and how the elements of the mind are organized and realted

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4
Q

functionalism

A

school of psychology focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function as well as how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
How does consciousness (thoughts and feelings) function to help people adapt to their environment

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5
Q

humanistic psychology

A

emphasizes human growth, potential, and self-concept, as well as how to make ones self a better person
POTENTIAL, FREE WILL, SELF-ACTUALIZATION

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6
Q

nature-nuture issue

A

the debate centered on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development

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7
Q

natural selection

A

inherited trait variations that lead to increased reproduction and survival will be the most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations

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8
Q

psychiatry

A

branch of medicine (MD) dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by medical doctors who can prescribe drugs, and treatment, and psychological therapy

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9
Q

levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon

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10
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

modern-day approach that incorporated biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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11
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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12
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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13
Q

counseling psychology

A

branch of psychology that assists people with academic, vocational, and marital challenges to achieve greater well-being

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14
Q

clinical psychology

A

branch of psychology that studies, asses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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15
Q

hindsight bias

A

“I knew it all along” phenomenon, believing you knew the outcome after learning about it

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16
Q

critical thinking

A

process of assessing claims and making judgments on the basis of well-supported evidence, not blindly accepting arguments and conclusions

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17
Q

theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organized observations and predicts behaviors or events

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18
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction that is usually implied by a theory

19
Q

operational definition

A

precise definition of a variable being observed so that it is measurable and manageable

20
Q

replication

A

similar studies that will take place to further prove or disprove a theory

21
Q

case study

A

intense examination of behavior and mental processes on one person or a very small group in the hope of revealing more info

22
Q

survey

A

a technique for getting self-reported attitudes and getting opinions on behaviors to gain data (validity is dependent on not making generalizations)

23
Q

false consensus effect

A

the tendency to assume that one’s own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or mental behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case

24
Q

population

A

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

25
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

26
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

27
Q

correlation

A

measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

28
Q

scatterplot

A

graph made up of points generated by two variables as a graphic demonstration of a correlation

29
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship when none exists

30
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)

31
Q

double blind procedure

A

an experimental procedure in which both participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo (common in drug eval studies)

32
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone, and effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition that is assumed to be the active agent by the participant

33
Q

experimental condition

A

the group of participants in a study who are exposed to the independent variable

34
Q

control condition

A

the group of participants who are exposed to the control with no manipulation in an experiment

35
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to a experimental or control groups by chance to minimize preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups

36
Q

independent variable

A

the variable in a study or experiment that is being manipulated

37
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable in a study or experiment that changes based on the independent variable being changed

38
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution

39
Q

mean

A

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scored and then dividing by the number of scores

40
Q

median

A

the middle score in a distribution (half the scores will be above and below this value)

41
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

42
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

43
Q

statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

44
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted through generations

Psychology (19 decks)

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