AP World History Flashcards
(94 cards)
0
Q
What happened when small clans developed?
A
every generation moved 2-3 miles
1
Q
When did the Homo sapiens, or first humans, emerge?
A
250,000 years ago
2
Q
When was the world populated?
A
10000 BCE
3
Q
What is the “Africa Theory”
A
All human development began in Africa, moved outward
4
Q
What does Paleo mean?
A
Old Stone
5
Q
What happened in the hunter-gatherer society?
A
Hunter-Gatherers Patterns develop form clans of 30 moved frequently rough gender equality women stayed closer to camp, while men hunted adapting was necessary for survival
6
Q
When was the neolithic reolution?
A
10000-4000 BCE
7
Q
How did people from the Neolithic age get their food?
A
it was produced instead of gathered
8
Q
What happened to animals over time in the neolithic revolution?
A
animals domesticated over time
9
Q
What happened during the neolithic revolution?
A
settled into communities
These were still relatively nomadic
10
Q
What happened because of growth of farming?
A
permanent settlements develop with better farming
catal huyuk
home placement
food surplus leads to more time for leisure (specialized labor)
Polytheistic Religious traditions “Mother Earth”
11
Q
What were the consequences of the Neolithic Era?
A
Settlement leads to trade, but also a need for protection
specialization of labor
men remained in the field, while women were relegated to household tasks
gender inequality develops
eventually, the patriarchal society and the need for protection would change the village
12
Q
What was needed as communities became permanent?
A
protection and structure
13
Q
How do civilizations develop
A
with the onset of several basic factors
14
Q
How do you define a civilization?
A
an urban focus political and military structures social structures built on economic power material culture distinct religious structure development of writing new artistic and intellectual activity
15
Q
What are the three theories of the causes of civilization ?
A
- uniting under a common religious practice led to the formation of civilizations
- specialization of labor, and more wealth allowed for government structure
- the had to adapt, and this meant creating a stable environment for survival
16
Q
What was the basis of Sumer?
A
city-states
17
Q
What was the mesopotamian religion?
A
polytheistic (the gods looked over the cities)
18
Q
In mesopotamia, what was constructed for worship?
A
Ziggurats
19
Q
What was mesopotamian’s origin of government?
A
Theocracy
20
Q
What were kings regarded as?
A
near-Gods
21
Q
Where did kings live in Mesopotamia?
A
elaborate homes, just like priests
22
Q
Who did Mesopotamia trade with?
A
India and Eastern Med.
23
Q
What was the government and social life in Mesopotamia?
A
Class System
Surgon and the Akkadians
Cuneiform
24
What country was extremely similar to Mesopotamia?
Egypt
25
How many kingdoms was Egypt divided into?
Three, all under a dynastic rule
26
In Egypt, who was regarded as near Gods?
Pharaohs
27
What were the upper classes in Egypt?
merchants and artisans
28
What were the burial methods in Egypt?
mummification
| pyramids
29
What was the final stable era in Ancient Egypt
The New Kingdom
30
Who was driven out of Egypt?
Hyksos (introduced the chariot)
31
Who attempted to make Egypt monotheistic, only worshiping the sun god?
Akhenaten
32
Who helped return tradition to Egypt?
King Tut
33
Who led the Persian Empire?
Cyrus (very expansive empire)
34
What did Cyrus take?
most of Asia and the Middle East
35
What did Cyrus do?
```
set up as satrapies
individual provinces
major religion
Zorastrianism
struggle between good and evil, use of a final judgement
```
36
When did the Aryans arrive in India?
1250 BCE
37
There was a king within tribes in India, how did he gain power?
through the ability to protect his people (Maharaja)
38
When did the Hellenistic Empire have dominance?
330 BCE
39
Mauryan Dynasty
Chandragupta Maurya advised through the Arthasastra
Emphasizes ends rather than means
a highly centralized government structure
large secret police to deal with any issues
he was a little paranoid
Division of Empire is similar to Persia, provinces and Districts
40
What is the Caste System in India?
```
Hierarchal division that defined a person's occupation and status
lighter skin exemplified a higher class
it was a strict system that had no movement or interaction between castes
"Untouchables" not considered part of the caste system
```
41
What was life like in ancient india?
the family often had several generations under one roof
male dominated society
polygamy occurred rarely in higher castes
sati-theritual in which the wife throws herself into husbands funeral pyre
42
What was trade and economy like in India?
Agriculture expands throughout the empire
unpredictable monsoons make it difficult
became an advanced trading and manufacturing area
spices, perfume, textiles, ivory
Mauryan Dyasty would tax the trade sector, and controlled sections of trade
43
Brahmanism and Hinduism
Early Religious Beliefs of the Aryan population
Polytheistic initially, relying on several gods
Represented the needs of humans, such as fire, fertility, health, and weather conditions.
Ascetism-self-discipline or painful stimuli to communicate with gods.
gradually turns into yoga
44
Reincarnation
Appeared around the time of the Upanishades
individual soul is reborn in a different form after death
Karma- one's rebirth is dictated by their actions in the previous life
Dharma- moral law
HIgher castes are held to a much stricter standard
eventually a trinity of gods is the norm
Brahman, Vishnu, and Shiva
45
Buddhism
founded by Siddhartha Gautama
He was wealthy, but he saw the death and illness of the lower castes
dedicated life to determining causes of human suffering
46
What are the basic beliefs of Buddhism?
Reformist version of Brahmanism
Agreed on the concept of Nirvana, reaching enlightenment
Remove material possessions, this is the cause of pain and poverty
four noble truths
the eight fold path
rejected the baste system even though he believed in reincarnation
47
Ashoka and the end of the Mauryan Dynasty
Ashoka begins reign as a ruthless leader, killing anyone as he wished.
Converted to Buddhism, and considered the greatest ruler of the Mauryan dynasty.
People convert and the religion spreads east
48
Why did India die out?
a decline in regional trade
| tribal rivalries
49
When was the Shang Dynasty?
2000 BCE
50
What were oracle bones used for?
to communicate with the gods
51
What was a king in the Shang dynasty
an intermediary between humans and God
52
What was the veneration of Ancestors?
Burning replicas of objects to accompany departed
| human sacrifice used to give servants to a higher official after death
53
What was the Shang dynasty known for?
their mastery of using bronze
54
What was the Shang Theory?
Old Theory stated that civilization started at Yellow River and radiated outward
Now historians believe that civilization in China rose in several places, and all had similar technology
55
Zhou Dynasty
Longest Dynasty in China, beginning in 1100 BCE
Overthrew the Shang, spread the message of the Mandate of Heaven
The Gods place a new person in power when the old king is corrupt
Political system similar to Shang, with a centralized authority and provinces.
Emergence of religious philosophy
56
COnfucianism
Behave according to Dao
Political and Ethical
Duty-sacrifice for the needs of the family and community
Humanity- do not do unto others which should not be done unto you
57
Daoism
The philosophy of inaction
Let nature take its course
Laozi
it was an escape to political leaders
58
When was the Qin Dynasty?
226 BCE
59
WHo was the centralized ruler during the Qin dynasty?
Qin Shi Huangdi
60
What did Qin Shi Huangdi do?
```
mobilized peasants to manual labor
forced to work on his tomb OR Great Wall
followed a legalist philosophy
humans were naturally evil and would only follow the correct path if led by harsh laws and punishments
action by the state would bring order
```
61
What was the Greek Polis?
an autonomous political and social unit
| the geography of Greece required this form of civilization
62
What led to tension in Greece?
city-states were independent of one another
63
What was the battle formation in Greece
Phalanx Formation
64
Sparta
```
made the effort to create a military state
life is rigidly organized
allowed to marry at 20
enters military at 30
works until he is 60
oligarchy led by two kings
ephors used to maintain conduct
deliberate isolation
```
65
Athens
```
considered a tyranny under Pisistratus
Solon had attempted to avoid this
Cleisthenes creates council of 500, assembly had final say on all laws
adopts traditions from other cultures
louros adapted from Egypt
utilized part of the Phoenician Alphabet
```
66
THe Persian War
fundamental differences and territory leads to war
Xerxes wants to finish the job that Darius I started
Themistocles begins development of a Navy in Athens
Sparta and Athens Ally
Majoy battles
Thermopylae
Sacking of Athens
Salamis
67
A Golden Age
Delian League formed all city states paid tribute to Athens.
Pericles expanded Democracy
Tensions rise between Sparta and Athens ]Art and Architecture flourish
68
When was the Peloponnesian conflict?
431 BCE
69
WHat did Sparta form during the Peloponnesian ConflictA?
Peloponnesian League
70
How did Pericles defeat Sparta?
Navy
71
How was Greece weakened?
constant warfare
72
When did Philip II of Macedon become king?
359 BC
73
When did Philip defeat Thebes and Athens and the battle of Chaeronea, then he unites Greece?
338 BC
74
When was Philip II assassinated?
336 BC
75
How old was Alexander when he took over?
20
76
When was Persia completely destroyed?
331 BC
77
WHy is Alexander so Great?
married his Macedonian troops with Persians to promote unity in the empire
78
What does Hellenistic mean?
Greek-like
79
Why did the Roman Republic decline?
greed and oppression
80
Who were the brothers who worked for the poor and the prosperous senators killed them?
Gracchi
81
Who took over Rome after Caesar?
Octavian
82
What did Octavian change his name to?
Augustus
83
Pax Romana
Supported beneficial domestic policies
treated ruling classes with respect
Capable men chosen to succeed the prior emperor
imperial officials controlled the government
population rivaling Han China by 2nd century CE (50 million)
84
What was the culture and society during the Pax Romana?
```
Rome took ideas from Greece
Columns, Rectangular forms
Excelled in arches and domed structures
Aqueducts, colosseum
Realistic frescoes adorned walls of wealthy citizens
```
85
What was the Civil Law during the Pax Romana?
Twelve Tables created during the Republic
Adapted into a code of Civil Law
Added LAw of nations to deal with foreign conquests
Standards of Justice
Innocent until proven guilty
Allowed a defense
Universal laws based on reason
86
What was the crisis in the Late Roman Empire?
Empire became too large.
Military dictators take over, most of which meet a violent death
inflation causes monetary issues
couldn't pay or enlist more soldiers
end up hiring Germans to fight under Roman commanders
87
Roman Division
```
Diocletain
284 AD- 305 AD
Empire too large for one person
Co-emperor for western half
Government controlled everything
Succession Rule
```
88
What did controlling the empire start off with during the Han dynasty?
feudal system
89
What was the Han dynasty a blend of?
legalist philosophy and confucianism without the sin and voilence, civil service examinations taxation common had to be paid in cash peasants at a disadvantage
90
What was the economy and military like during the Han dynasty
```
Han Suspicious of private merchants
Heavy taxation
not allowed to be in public office
relied on waterways for transportation
military originally required
professional armies adopted
```
91
What was Imperial expansion
Silk Road becomes a dominant trade route
Tiberius- the ladies are transferring our money to foreigners
Paper is invented
Great Wall expanded under the Han (not the one today)
92
What was religion and culture like during the Han Dynasty
Confucianism is official religion
Buddhism begins showing up in western china
Qin idea of terra cotta army is continued under the Han
Modest Scale
93
Why did the Han empire decline?
emperors more worried about material goods than control
noble families take over vast areas of China, continuing a feudal existence
corruption in the government led to unrest by peasantry
invasion by northern nomadic tribes common
four hundred years of anarchy and military rule follow
