DNA, RNA, and Proteins

Question 0

What did this experiment show?

Answer 0

Genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria to another
(Transformation)

Question 1

What experiments lead to our understanding of DNA? What happened in Frederik Griffith’s experiment with pneumonia and mice?

Answer 1

Smooth coated pneumonia bacteria kills mice
Rough coated pneumonia bacteria- mice live
Heat killed smooth pneumonia bacteria- mice live
heat killed smooth plus harmless rough bacteria together mice die

Question 2

What happened in Oswald Avery’s experiment?

Answer 2

Same as Griffith except he added enzymes to destroy different molecules
If RNA, PROTEINS, CARBS, LIPIDS are destroyed transformation still happens.
If DNA is destroyed- no transformation

Question 3

What did this experiment show?

Answer 3

DNA is the genetic material

Question 4

What happened in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s blender experiment?

Answer 4

Radioactively labeled proteins and Dna in bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) and loked to see what passed into the cell

Question 5

What role did Rosalind Franklin and James Watson and Francis Crick play in our understanding of DNA’s structure?

Answer 5

Her X-ray images were used by Watson and Crick to figure out the double helix structure

Question 6

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 6

Virus that infects bacteria

Question 7

What is transformation?

Answer 7

change in a bacteria caused by picking up foreign DNA

Question 8

What molecule is involved in transformation?

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

What are the building blocks of DNA?

Answer 9

nucleotides

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 10

amino acids

Question 11

What is a purine?

Answer 11

Nitrogen base composed of 2 rings

Question 12

What is a pyrimidine?

Answer 12

nitrogen base composed of 1 ring

Question 13

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

Answer 13

double helix- twisted ladder

Question 14

What forms the backbone of the DNA molecule?

Answer 14

Sugars and phosphates

Question 15

What forms the “steps of the ladder”

Answer 15

nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G)

Question 16

What does it mean when we say a DNA strand is “anti-parallel”

Answer 16

the two strands in the DNA mollecule run in opposite directions

Question 17

What does it mean when we say a DNA strand is “anti-parallel”

Answer 17

the two strands in the DNA molecule run in opposite directions

Question 18

HOw does DNA fold into a chromosome?

Answer 18

DNa wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes

nucleosomes coil further to make chromosomes

Question 19

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 19

Beadlike structure formed when DNa wraps around histones

Question 20

What are histones?

Answer 20

proteins DNA wraps around to make a nucleosome

Question 21

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Answer 21

CHromatin- in non-dividing cells

Chromosomes- in dividing cells

Question 22

What is replication?

Answer 22

making a DNA copy (DNA DNA)

Question 23

Transcription

Answer 23

Copying an RNA message from DNA (DNA RNA)

Question 24

Translation

Answer 24

making a protein from an RNA message (RNA proteins)

Question 25

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology that shows how information is passed in cells?

Answer 25

DNA RNA PROTEINS

Question 26

How is DNA copied?

Answer 26

DNA strand separates and uses old strand as a template to make a new strand; DNA polymerase adds in nucleotides and spell checks as it goes

Question 27

What enzye plays a role in this process?

Answer 27

DNA poLYMERAse

Question 28

What are the 3 kinds of RNA?

Answer 28

messenger, transfer, ribosomal

Question 29

Messenger

Answer 29

carries the message from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 30

Ribosomal

Answer 30

joins with proteins to make ribosomes

Question 31

Transfer

Answer 31

has anticodon to math m-RNA codon and brings in amino acid to form protein chain

Question 32

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

Answer 32

RNA polymerase attaches to start ttranscription

Question 33

What is a promoter?

Answer 33

Region where DNA polymerase attaches to start transcription

Question 34

What are introns?

Answer 34

pieces of the message that are cut out

Question 35

What are exons?

Answer 35

Pieces of the message that are expressed in the final message

Question 36

What is noncoding or "junk" DNA?

Answer 36

Sequences of DNA that do not code for proteins

Question 37

What is a transposon?

Answer 37

DNA sequence that can move and change position to another chromosomes

Question 38

What is a codon?

Answer 38

Group of 3 nitrogen bases on a m-RNA that are read together

Question 39

What is an anticodon

Answer 39

group of 3 nitrogwen bases on a t-RNA that match the m-RNA codon

Question 40

What happens in translation?

Answer 40

protein syntesis= making proteins from RNA message

Question 41

How are genes regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 41

Prokaryores have opereons | Eukaryotes- morew complex; TATA boxes; enhancers; non operons

Question 42

What is an operon?

Answer 42

Group of genes that work together in a pathway that are controlled by same operator

Question 43

What is an operator?

Answer 43

Region where repressor attaches to turn off the genes

Question 44

What is a repressor?

Answer 44

MOlecule that can attach to the operator site to turn off genes if repressor is not attached gene is turned on

Question 45

How is the lac operon in E. Coli turned on and off?

Answer 45

When lactose is NOT present, repressor attaches to operator to turn genes off

Question 46

What is a TATA box?

Answer 46

Region in front of eukaryotic gee that helps position RNA polymerase to bein transcription

Question 47

What is an enhancer region?

Answer 47

Regions in front of eukaryotic genes where regulatory proteins can bind to speed up gene transcription

Question 48

What are hox genes?

Answer 48

Genes that control the growth, development, and location of body parts in developing embryos

Question 49

What role do they play in differentiation and growth and development of embryos?

Answer 49

When embryonic cells are differentiating, hox genes help tell where and when body organs should grow

Question 50

WHat is a mutation?

Answer 50

Change in DNA code

Question 51

How are gene mutations different from chromosomal mutations?

Answer 51

gene mutations- change code in just one gene | Chromosomal mutations- change structure of sequence in whole chromosome

Question 52

How are point mutations different from frameshift mutations?

Answer 52

Point mutations- change in one nucleotide 9Can be a deletion, insertion, substitution) Frameshift mutations- change in code that causes a change in the reading frame in a gene

Question 53

Why are frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene more damaging than at the end?

Answer 53

Everything after the mutation is changed so change t beginning causes more damage

Question 54

deletion

Answer 54

loss base from DNA code

Question 55

duplication

Answer 55

addition of extra copies of a section in DNA code

Question 56

insertion

Answer 56

addition of bases into DNA code

Question 57

translocation

Answer 57

movement of piece of DNA to a non-homologous chromosome

Question 58

inversion

Answer 58

chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome breaks and reattaches in reversed order

Question 59

WHat is polyploidy?

Answer 59

cell with 3 or more sets of chromosomes

Question 60

What kind of organisms can it be seen in?

Answer 60

polyploidy is seen in plants/rrare in animals