AP1 module 2 study

Question 1

1. What are the three main functions of the respiratory system (anatomical organization)?

Answer 1

The anatomical organization of the respiratory system allows the respiratory system to perform three main functions:
1) Air conduction
2) Air filtration
3) Exchange of Gases. (also called respiration)
The respiratory system also has roles in vocalizations, the sense of smell, and the body’s pH regulation

Question 2

2. What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 2

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 3

3. Identify the hard palate vs. the soft palate

Answer 3

3. The hard plate is the roof of the mouth and the soft palate is farther back towards the throat. Also separates the nasal cavity from the mouth.

Question 4

4. True or false: the rings that cover the trachea are a complete circle.

Answer 4

False: the cartilaginous rings of the trachea do not meet on the posterior side

Question 5

5. Label the following figures
   Anterior View of the lungs:
   Label A-
   Label B-
   Label C-
   Label D-
   Label E-
   Posterior view of the larynx (“voice box”):
   Label A-
   Label B-
   Label C-
   Label D-
   Label E-
   Label F-
   Label G-

Answer 5

5
Anterior View of the lungs:
Label A- Larynx
Label B- Trachea
Label C- Bronci
Label D- Left lung
Label E- Bronchioles
Posterior view of the larynx (“voice box”):
Label A- Epiglottis
Label B- Thyroid cartilage
Label C- Larynx
Label D- Vocal folds
Label E- Cricoid cartilage
Label F- Trachea
Label G- Cartilage rings of trachea

Question 5

6. What important steps need to happen during the swallowing process to prevent aspiration?

Answer 5

6. 1- The larynx rises
   2- the trachea is closed by the epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea (to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs).

Question 6

7. Why does the soft palate elevate during swallowing?

Answer 6

7. The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.

Question 7

8. What is the glottis?

Answer 7

8. An opening in the larynx where the vocal cords (vocal folds) are located.

Question 7

9. What is aspiration?

Answer 7

9. Food or liquid that accidentally enters the trachea (then lungs)

Question 7

10. True or False? The left lung has three lobes.

Answer 7

10. False. The left lung has two lobes. The right lung has three lobes.

Question 7

11. Name two functions of the pleura.

Answer 7

11. Facilitates movement of lungs with body wall. Enclose the lungs/pleural cavity.

Question 8

12. Be familiar with the labeling of the respiratory system diagrams. Know the upper respiratory diagram well and the diagram of the alveoli. In the lower respiratory system, know the location and names of the 5 lobes of the lungs.

Answer 8

12. See figures in module

Question 9

13. What is the major histology type in the respiratory system?

Answer 9

13. Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar cell. (is the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope)

Question 9

14. What is the name of the “floor” of the epithelium in the respiratory tract?

Answer 9

14. Basement membrane

Question 10

15. Why are the cells in the respiratory epithelium called columnar cells?

Answer 10

15. “Rectangular” in shape; taller than they are wide

Question 11

16. What are the wine-glass shaped mucous-producing cells?

Answer 11

16. Goblet cells

Question 12

17. Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found in the respiratory system?

Answer 12

17. Vestibule of the nose. Is found in multiple flattened layers. One example of this type of epithelium in the respiratory tract is found just inside the nostril (vestibule) of the nose.

Question 13

18. Describe the purpose of surfactant.

Answer 13

18. Covers the luminal surface and keeps the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation.

Question 14

20. What is the most abundant cell found within the alveoli?

Answer 14

20. Alveolar macrophages

Question 14

19. List and describe the two types of alveolar epithelium.

Answer 14

19. Type 1, Type II
    Type I (alveolar cells) form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries.
    Type II (alveolar cells) produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells

Question 15

21. Be familiar with the diagram of the alveoli.

Answer 15

21. See figures in module

Question 15

22. Explain the steps necessary for inhalation.

Answer 15

22. Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs:
    A negative pressure environment is created inside the lungs by the pleural space.
    The motion of the rib cage: the rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand the lungs.
    The diaphragm: The diaphragm is flattened as it contracts, pulling the lungs open
    As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases
    Because air pressure outside of the lungs is now greater than inside (where there is negative pressure), air will naturally flow into the lungs.

Question 16

23. What is meant that “negative pressure” is created inside the lungs?

Answer 16

23. This means that the pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere, allowing air to naturally flow into the lungs.

Question 17

24. True or false: Exhalation is an active process.

Answer 17

24. Exhalation (or expiration) passively occurs. When the rib cage is lowered and the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and therefore air moves out of the lungs where the pressure is lower.

Question 18

25. What is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 18

25. Hemoglobin combines with the oxygen entering the blood to carry the oxygen in the blood system from the lungs to the cells of the tissues.

Question 19

26. What muscle is largely responsible for providing movement for respiration?

Answer 19

26. The diaphragm

Question 20

27. Ultimately gas exchange occurs where?

Answer 20

27. Respiratory bronchioles and pulmonary alveoli

Question 21

28. Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in what form?

Answer 21

28. Bicarbonate ion

Question 22

29. Review all respiratory physiology measurement terms and know definitions.

Answer 22

29. Review figure and terminology in module

Question 23

30. Boyle’s law states what?

Answer 23

30. Gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure.

Question 24

31. There are three gases in a tank. The partial pressure of the first is 120 mmHg, the pressure of the second is 320 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of the third at 1 atm?

Answer 24

31. 120 mmHg + 320 mmHg = 440 mmHg. 760 mmHg - 440 mmHg =320 mm Hg. (The answer is 320 mm Hg) **Remember that 1 atm = 760 mm Hg.

Question 25

32. This law helps explain why warming the air is beneficial to the respiratory system.

Answer 25

32. Charles’s Law

Question 25

33. This is the amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation.

Answer 25

33. Expiratory reserve volume (typically around 1200mL)

Question 26

34. This is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing.

Answer 26

34. Tidal volume

Question 27

35. What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 27

35. A serious genetic disease of excretory glands, affecting lungs and other organs; it causes production of very thick mucus that interferes with normal digestion and breathing.

Question 28

37. Familiarize yourself with all the diseases discussed in the module.

Answer 28

37. See module

Question 28

36. What is pulmonary edema?

Answer 28

36. An accumulation of fluid in the lungs

Question 29

Gross anatomy

Answer 29

is the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye.

Question 30

Hilum

Answer 30

is known as the “root” of the lung. This is where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung

Question 31

pleurae

Answer 31

are membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs. The pleurae reduce friction and provide a negative pressure environment needed for lung inflation. The pleurae also help to pull the lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation.

Question 32

visceral pleura

Answer 32

directly covers the lungs

Question 33

parietal pleura

Answer 33

covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Question 34

pleural space or cavity

Answer 34

The space that is formed between the pleurae

Question 35

Conducting portion

Answer 35

i. Nostril - nasal cavities ii. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx iii. Larynx iv. Trachea v. Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus) vi. Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary

Question 36

Filtration portion

Answer 36

i. Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells ii. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells

Question 37

Respiratory portion

Answer 37

i. Respiratory bronchioles ii. Alveolar ducts iii. Alveolar sacs iv. Alveoli

Question 38

Respiration includes

Answer 38

1. Breathing: includes inspiration (breathing air in) and expiration (breathing air out) 2. External respiration: gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface (See Figure 2.17) 3. Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid 4. Aerobic cellular respiration: production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells

Question 39

Histology

Answer 39

the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope

Question 40

Emphysema

Answer 40

Disease. causes damage to the alveoli . Eventually, the damage causes the inner walls of the alveoli to become weak and rupture

Question 41

Pleurisy or pleuritis

Answer 41

inflammation of the pleura (lining of the lungs) due to infection, cancer, or injury. In this condition, the pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids.

Question 42

visceral pleura

Answer 42

directly covers the lungs

Question 43

parietal pleura

Answer 43

covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Question 44

pleural space

Answer 44

The space that is formed between the pleurae is called

Question 45

Nasal cavity

Answer 45

Vestibule and nasal septum

Question 46

Nasal cavity

Answer 46

nasal conchae (folds)

Question 47

vestibule

Answer 47

is the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils. The vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which is a continuation of the skin from the face. Short thick hairs called vibrissae are also found here and act as a screening device for the respiratory tract.