APDN OF THE ORAL CAVITY, OROPHARYNX, HYPOPHARYNX 1.1 (AB)

Question 1

What are the two portions of the oral cavity?

Answer 1

Oral vestibule. Oral cavity proper.

Question 2

What bounds the oral vestibule externally?

Answer 2

Lips and cheeks.

Question 3

What bounds the oral vestibule internally?

Answer 3

Alveolar processes and teeth.

Question 4

What is the space between the teeth cheeks and lips called?

Answer 4

Oral vestibule.

Question 5

What is the oral cavity proper located behind?

Answer 5

The teeth.

Question 6

Where does the oral cavity open into the pharynx?

Answer 6

At the faucial isthmus.

Question 7

What is the function of the oral vestibule space?

Answer 7

Serves as a protection.

Question 8

When teeth are in occlusion how is the vestibule connected to the oral cavity?

Answer 8

Via a space behind the third molar called the faucial isthmus.

Question 9

What are the surfaces and border of the lips?

Answer 9

External and internal surfaces. One border.

Question 10

What covers the outer surface of the lips?

Answer 10

Skin.

Question 11

What covers the inner surface of the lips?

Answer 11

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 12

Describe the anterior surface of the lips.

Answer 12

Pink. Wider in the central portion. Tapers narrower in the lateral extremities.

Question 13

What is the color of the posterior part of the lips?

Answer 13

Deep pink and moist.

Question 14

What is the color of the anterior (vermilion) part of the lips?

Answer 14

Pale pink and dry.

Question 15

What does the lamina propria of the lips contain?

Answer 15

Numerous seromucous salivary glands.

Question 16

What muscle forms the muscular foundation of the lips?

Answer 16

Orbicularis oris.

Question 17

What is the vermillion border?

Answer 17

Where the anterior portion of lip meets the skin in a clearly defined white line (white roll).

Question 18

Where is the vermillion border more distinct?

Answer 18

Upper lip.

Question 19

What is Cupid’s bow?

Answer 19

An even curve in the upper lip with a central depression and two peaks.

Question 20

What is the philtral dimple?

Answer 20

A depression above Cupid’s bow with the same width as the skin over the columella.

Question 21

What is the primary function of the orbicularis oris muscle?

Answer 21

Acts as a sphincter for oral continence.

Question 22

What is a secondary function of the orbicularis oris?

Answer 22

Muscle for phonation.

Question 23

What provides sensory supply to the lips?

Answer 23

CN V.

Question 24

What supplies the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip?

Answer 24

Mental nerve.

Question 25

What supplies the angle of the lip?

Answer 25

Buccinator branches of CN V.

Question 26

What provides motor innervation to the lips?

Answer 26

CN VII.

Question 27

What arteries form the circumoral arch?

Answer 27

Labial arteries (superior and inferior).

Question 28

What vein primarily drains the lips?

Answer 28

Facial vein.

Question 29

What lymph nodes drain the lips?

Answer 29

Submandibular and submental lymph nodes.

Question 30

What forms the lateral boundaries of the oral vestibule?

Answer 30

Cheeks.

Question 31

What muscle forms the muscular framework of the cheek?

Answer 31

Buccinator.

Question 32

What innervates the buccinator muscle?

Answer 32

Facial nerve.

Question 33

Where is the Bichat fat pad located?

Answer 33

Between the buccinator and the masseter muscle.

Question 34

What is the function of the Bichat fat pad?

Answer 34

Smoothes the cheek contour by filling in the depression at the anterior border of the masseter.

Question 35

Where does the parotid duct open?

Answer 35

Into the mucosa of the cheek opposite the upper second molar.

Question 36

Where is the masseter muscle located?

Answer 36

Posterior part of the cheek.

Question 37

What does the masseter cover?

Answer 37

Vertical ramus and angle of the mandible.

Question 38

What are the muscles of mastication?

Answer 38

Masseter. Temporalis. Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.

Question 39

What nerve supplies the masseter muscle?

Answer 39

Mandibular nerve (third division of CN V).

Question 40

How many total teeth are there in adults?

Answer 40

Thirty two.

Question 41

What are the types of teeth pairs in each jaw?

Answer 41

Two incisor. One canine. Two premolar. Three molar pairs.

Question 42

What covers the crown of the tooth?

Answer 42

Enamel.

Question 43

What does the pulp chamber of the tooth contain?

Answer 43

Connective tissue. Nerve fibers. Blood vessels.

Question 44

What anchors teeth in the alveoli?

Answer 44

Cementum. Alveolar wall. Gingiva (periodontium).

Question 45

What are the components of the periodontium?

Answer 45

Periodontal ligament. Alveolar bone. Gingiva. Cementum.

Question 46

What teeth roots are close to the maxillary sinus?

Answer 46

Second premolar and first molar.

Question 47

What arteries supply the teeth?

Answer 47

Inferior alveolar artery. Anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries.

Question 48

What innervates the upper and lower teeth?

Answer 48

Upper by branches of maxillary nerve. Lower by branches of mandibular nerve.

Question 49

What are the borders of the oral cavity?

Answer 49

Anteriorly and laterally by alveolar ridge and teeth. Superiorly by hard and soft palate. Posteriorly by the faucial isthmus.

Question 50

What is the faucial isthmus?

Answer 50

Narrow opening between oral cavity and pharynx.

Question 51

What forms the hard palate?

Answer 51

Palatine processes of the maxilla. Incisive bone. Horizontal plates of palatine bones.

Question 52

What muscles form the soft palate framework?

Answer 52

Tensor veli palatini. Levator veli palatini.

Question 53

What muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing?

Answer 53

Levator veli palatini.

Question 54

Where is the palatoglossus muscle located?

Answer 54

In the anterior faucial pillar.

Question 55

Where is the palatopharyngeus muscle located?

Answer 55

In the posterior faucial pillar.

Question 56

What are the most prominent tonsils?

Answer 56

Faucial tonsils.

Question 57

What nerve provides motor innervation to the palate?

Answer 57

CN IX. CN X. Some from CN V.

Question 58

What nerves provide sensory innervation to the palate?

Answer 58

Greater and lesser palatine nerves from second trigeminal division.

Question 59

What artery supplies the palate?

Answer 59

Ascending palatine branch of the facial artery.

Question 60

What muscle seals the oral cavity during chewing and swallowing?

Answer 60

Orbicularis oris.

Question 61

What is the term for preventing food spillage during chewing and swallowing?

Answer 61

Oral continence.

Question 62

What condition can impair lip closure and cause drooling?

Answer 62

Facial nerve palsy.

Question 63

What is the main function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 63

To change the position of the tongue.

Question 64

Where are the extrinsic tongue muscles attached?

Answer 64

Mandible hyoid bone or styloid process.

Question 65

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 65

To change the shape of the tongue.

Question 66

What muscle systems make up the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 66

Longitudinal transverse and vertical fibers.

Question 67

Why are molars most important in chewing?

Answer 67

Because they are closest to the masticatory muscle insertion allowing high pressure.

Question 68

What are the five basic taste sensations?

Answer 68

Sweet. Sour. Salty. Bitter. Umami.

Question 69

Why is umami taste debated?

Answer 69

It activates different brain areas and overlaps with other basic tastes.

Question 70

Who originated the concept of umami?

Answer 70

A Japanese scientist affiliated with Ajinomoto.

Question 71

What other sensations contribute to taste besides taste buds?

Answer 71

Olfactory thermal mechanical and sensory impressions.

Question 72

What tract do gustatory fibers travel through to the thalamus?

Answer 72

Dorsal trigeminothalamic tract.

Question 73

Where do gustatory fibers first converge centrally?

Answer 73

Solitary tract nucleus in the medulla oblongata.

Question 74

Where are the cortical taste areas located?

Answer 74

Lateral part of the postcentral gyrus and insular cortex.

Question 75

What percentage of taste is from olfaction?

Answer 75

10 percent.

Question 76

What is phonation?

Answer 76

Formation and recreation of sound.

Question 77

What is articulation?

Answer 77

Transforming sound into understandable speech.

Question 78

What facial parts contribute to articulation?

Answer 78

Cheeks lips and tongue.

Question 79

What role do the lips play in phonation?

Answer 79

Musculature of lips is essential.

Question 80

What does "lingual articulation" control?

Answer 80

Production of vowels consonants and palatal sounds.

Question 81

What forms the supraglottic vocal tract?

Answer 81

Oral cavity pharynx nose and paranasal sinuses.

Question 82

What is the most common oral cavity malformation?

Answer 82

Cleft lip and palate.

Question 83

What causes malformation of the intermandibular fissure?

Answer 83

Failure of fusion of the two mandibular parts.

Question 84

What are common post-cleft oral malformations?

Answer 84

Masses and cysts like dermal inclusion or dermoid cysts.

Question 85

What must be done before visual inspection of the oral cavity?

Answer 85

Remove dentures.

Question 86

How is hypoglossal nerve palsy observed?

Answer 86

Tongue deviates to affected side.

Question 87

What indicates glossopharyngeal nerve palsy?

Answer 87

Uvula and palate deviate to the healthy side.

Question 88

Why should tonsils not be palpated?

Answer 88

It may cause gagging.

Question 89

What are the three main taste disorders?

Answer 89

Hypogeusia. Hypergeusia. Ageusia.

Question 90

What is chemogustometry?

Answer 90

Subjective taste test using solutions like glucose or citric acid.

Question 91

What are the limitations of chemogustometry?

Answer 91

Easy but not highly reliable or reproducible.

Question 92

What is electrogustometry?

Answer 92

Subjective test using electrical current on tongue receptors.

Question 93

What is gustatory evoked response?

Answer 93

Objective test for taste using electrical activity analysis.

Question 94

What is a downside of gustatory evoked response?

Answer 94

It is costly and used mainly for disability exams.

Question 95

What are congenital causes of taste disorders?

Answer 95

Aplasia of the taste buds.

Question 96

What endocrine disorders affect taste?

Answer 96

Diabetes mellitus. Hypothyroidism. Adrenal insufficiency.

Question 97

What drug classes may cause taste side effects?

Answer 97

D-penicillamine. Lipid-lowering drugs. ACE inhibitors. Antifungals.

Question 98

What peripheral nerve issues affect taste?

Answer 98

Facial nerve palsy. Otitis media. Middle ear surgery. CN IX tumor or skull fracture.

Question 99

How does radiotherapy affect taste?

Answer 99

Radiation damages the taste papillae.

Question 100

What exogenous agents can affect taste?

Answer 100

Alcohol. Nicotine. Mouthwashes.

Question 101

What central causes may lead to taste disorders?

Answer 101

Head trauma. Carbon monoxide poisoning.

Question 102

What is the benefit of ultrasound in oral imaging?

Answer 102

Non-invasive and widely available.

Question 103

What frequency is used in oral ultrasound imaging?

Answer 103

5-10 MHz depending on depth and resolution.

Question 104

When is a CT scan used in oral evaluation?

Answer 104

For inflammatory changes and tumor depth.

Question 105

What is the advantage of MRI in oral cavity imaging?

Answer 105

Superior soft-tissue discrimination.

Question 106

Why include neck imaging for oral tumors?

Answer 106

To evaluate regional lymph node metastasis.