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AAA-ENT > APDN OF THE ORAL CAVITY, OROPHARYNX, HYPOPHARYNX 1.2 (AB) > Flashcards

APDN OF THE ORAL CAVITY, OROPHARYNX, HYPOPHARYNX 1.2 (AB) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are malformations of the intermandibular fusion zone?

A

More rare than cleft lips and palate. Include dermoid masses of the tongue. oral floor. and mandible. superficial median neck clefts. and clefts of the lower lip. mandible. and tongue.

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2
Q

What imaging modality is used to evaluate dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth?

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).

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3
Q

In MRI, what does a more intense signal in T2-weighted images represent?

A

In T2-weighted MRI images, a more intense (brighter) signal usually indicates increased water content, such as in edema, inflammation, cysts, or some tumors.

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4
Q

What causes transverse facial cleft?

A

Failure of fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes or failure of the buccal membrane to regress.

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5
Q

What is another name for transverse facial cleft?

A

Macrostomia or cleft cheek.

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6
Q

What are typical features of transverse facial cleft?

A

Bilateral extension of the oral fissure. facial dysplasia. auricular dystopia.

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7
Q

What fictional character is an example of someone with a transverse facial cleft?

A

The Joker.

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of inflammation of the lips and oral cavity?

A

Viral infections.

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9
Q

What virus most commonly causes herpetic gingivostomatitis?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

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10
Q

How is HSV-1 transmitted?

A

Contact. droplet infection. or superficial skin injuries.

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11
Q

What percent of adults are seropositive for HSV-1?

A

85-90%.

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12
Q

What triggers reactivation of HSV?

A

Immunosuppression. malnutrition. diabetes. HIV. stress. UV light.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of primary HSV infection?

A

Fever. lethargy. oral ulcers (herpetic gingivostomatitis). regional lymphadenitis.

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14
Q

What is herpetic rhinitis?

A

Involvement of nasal mucosa in HSV infection.

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15
Q

What is a severe form of HSV seen in immunocompromised children?

A

Pospischill-Feyrter aphthoid.

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16
Q

Where does HSV reactivation usually occur?

A

Perioral region. mucocutaneous junction of lips.

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17
Q

What is the preferred diagnostic method for HSV?

A

Tzanck smear showing multinucleated giant cells.

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18
Q

What is a complication of HSV involving secondary infection?

A

Herpes impetiginatus.

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19
Q

What is postherpetic erythema multiforme?

A

HSV complication with skin and mucous membrane lesions.

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20
Q

What is a dreaded complication of primary HSV in children?

A

Herpetic meningoencephalitis.

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21
Q

How is HSV treated?

A

Topical antiseptics and acyclovir for 5–10 days.

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22
Q

What virus causes chickenpox and zoster?

A

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV).

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23
Q

What causes zoster?

A

Reactivation of VZV due to lowered immunity.

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24
Q

What are symptoms of chickenpox?

A

Vesicular rash on trunk and head.

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25
What is the distribution of zoster lesions?
Dermatomal pattern.
26
What nerve involvement in zoster causes oral ulcers?
Second and third branches of trigeminal nerve.
27
How is VZV treated?
Acyclovir or famciclovir for 5–7 days.
28
What drug is used for zoster pain?
Carbamazepine.
29
What causes herpangina?
Group A coxsackievirus.
30
What are symptoms of herpangina?
Fever. headache. ulcers on tonsils and pharynx.
31
How is herpangina treated?
Symptomatic treatment. chamomile rinse.
32
What causes hand-foot-mouth disease?
Coxsackie virus.
33
What are signs of hand-foot-mouth disease?
Bullae on palate. tongue. gingiva. hands. and feet.
34
How long does hand-foot-mouth disease last?
1–2 weeks.
35
What is another name for recurrent aphthous stomatitis?
Canker sores or benign aphthous disorders.
36
What age group is mostly affected by aphthous stomatitis?
Second and third decades of life.
37
What are common triggers of aphthous ulcers?
Trauma. stress. vitamin deficiency.
38
What vitamin deficiencies are linked to aphthous ulcers?
Iron. folic acid. vitamin B12.
39
Describe minor aphthae.
Small (2–5 mm) superficial ulcers healing in about 1 week without scarring.
40
Describe major aphthae.
>10 mm. deep. painful ulcers. may heal with scarring in 2–4 weeks.
41
What are herpetiform aphthae?
Tiny. grouped ulcers resembling HSV. affecting nonkeratinized tissue.
42
What diseases should be ruled out in severe aphthae?
Behcet’s disease. HSV. herpangina. hand-foot-mouth disease.
43
How are aphthae treated?
Topical astringents. mouth rinses. corticosteroid gel.
44
What causes inflammatory mucosal lesions in HIV?
Opportunistic infections.
45
What is the most common HIV-related oral infection?
Candidiasis caused by Candida albicans.
46
Which viruses commonly cause oral lesions in HIV patients?
HSV. VZV. CMV.
47
What antiviral is used for CMV infections?
Ganciclovir.
48
What condition is considered pathognomonic for HIV?
Oral hairy leukoplakia.
49
What virus causes oral hairy leukoplakia?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
50
Describe the appearance of oral hairy leukoplakia.
Whitish. raised lesions on the tongue. painless.
51
How is oral hairy leukoplakia treated?
Topical vitamin A acid or podophyllin.
52
Are virostatics recommended for OHL?
No. due to high recurrence and side effects in immunosuppressed patients.
53
What bacterial infections are HIV patients predisposed to?
Tonsillitis. tuberculosis. mycobacterial infections. syphilis.
54
Question
Answer
55
What is Ludwig’s Angina?
"Ludwig’s Angina is a rare disease that can become life-threatening if the inflammatory process spreads to the deep cervical tissues and mediastinum. It can compress the airway."
56
What is the pathogenesis of Ludwig's Angina?
"Inflammation originates from the lower molars and can develop from mucosal injuries in the floor of the mouth
57
What are the signs and symptoms of Ludwig's Angina?
Edematous expansion with firm induration of the floor of the mouth, submandibular swelling, tongue elevation, drooling, dysphagia, muffled "hot potato" voice, trismus, fever, and potential airway obstruction.
58
What is the imaging approach for Ludwig’s Angina?
"Imaging is necessary to define the extent of the abscess
59
What are the differential diagnoses for Ludwig's Angina?
"Differential diagnoses include submandibular gland and sublingual gland abscesses
60
What is the treatment for Ludwig’s Angina?
"The main treatment is incision and drainage via an intraoral or transcervical route. Antibiotic therapy includes a mixed spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic organisms
61
What is a lingual abscess?
"A lingual abscess occurs due to overt or covert mucosal injuries to the tongue
62
What is Candidiasis (Thrush)?
"Candidiasis is a fungal infection that occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems
63
How is Candidiasis treated?
"Treatment involves topical antifungal agents
64
What are the clinical features of syphilis?
Syphilis has three stages: Primary – painless chancre at the site of infection; Secondary – rash (often on palms and soles), mucous patches, condyloma lata, lymphadenopathy; Tertiary – gummas, neurosyphilis, aortitis. Latent syphilis can occur between stages.
65
What is the treatment for syphilis?
"Treatment for all stages includes Penicillin G (600
66
What is Hunter’s Glossitis?
Hunter's glossitis is a smooth, shiny, beefy-red tongue due to atrophy of papillae, often associated with vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia). It may be accompanied by burning sensations and soreness of the tongue.
67
What is geographic tongue?
Geographic tongue, or benign migratory glossitis, is a benign condition characterized by irregular, red, smooth patches on the tongue with white or yellowish borders. The appearance changes over time and may cause mild discomfort or burning.
68
What is black hairy tongue?
"Black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra) is caused by hyperkeratosis of the filiform papillae
69
What is fissured tongue?
"Fissured tongue is a harmless hereditary condition characterized by numerous furrows on the dorsal surface of the tongue. It may also be associated with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome."
70
What is angioedema?
"Angioedema is a vascular reaction causing swelling in the face
71
What is the treatment for angioedema?
For non-C1-INH-deficiency-related angioedema (e.g. allergic or idiopathic), treatment includes antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine if there's airway compromise. For C1-INH deficiency (hereditary angioedema), use C1-INH concentrate, icatibant, or ecallantide; avoid ACE inhibitors.
72
What is fixed drug eruption?
"Fixed drug eruption is a delayed allergic reaction (Type IV hypersensitivity) that occurs at the same cutaneous or mucosal sites following repeated drug use. It is characterized by superficial erosions and may resemble HSV infection."
73
What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
"SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular connective tissue. It can involve many organs
74
What is pemphigus vulgaris?
"Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease where antibodies target epidermal adhesion proteins. It is characterized by bullous eruptions and erosions
75
What is Behcet’s Disease?
"Behcet’s Disease is an autoimmune condition prevalent in eastern Mediterranean countries and Japan
76
What is erythema multiforme?
"Erythema multiforme is a multifactorial condition often triggered by HSV infections
77
What is lichen planus?
"Lichen planus is an autoimmune condition often associated with viral infections like hepatitis B and C. Oral lesions appear as reticular white markings on the mucosa
78
How do you treat burning mouth syndrome?
"Burning mouth syndrome is treated by addressing underlying causes

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