APDN OF THE LARYNX 1.1 (AB) Flashcards
1
Q
From which structure is the respiratory primordium derived?
A
Primitive foregut.
2
Q
What does the lung bud arise from?
A
Respiratory primordium.
3
Q
What structures arise from the bronchial bud?
A
Tracheobronchial tree.
4
Q
What happens during the 4th-5th week AOG regarding trachea and esophagus?
A
Tracheoesophageal folds fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum.
5
Q
What does the dorsal part of the foregut become after septum formation?
A
Esophagus.
6
Q
What does the ventral part of the foregut become after septum formation?
A
Trachea and lung buds.
7
Q
From which germ layers does the larynx develop?
A
Endodermal lining and adjacent mesenchyme of the foregut.
8
Q
During which branchial arches does the larynx develop?
A
Between the 4th and 6th branchial arches.
9
Q
What forms on the 20th day AOG related to the larynx?
A
Ventral laryngotracheal groove.
10
Q
What does the hypobranchial eminence develop into?
A
Epiglottis.
11
Q
What do the arytenoid swellings develop into?
A
Arytenoid cartilages.
12
Q
When is the laryngeal lumen obliterated due to epithelial proliferation?
A
Weeks 5 to 7.
13
Q
When does recanalization of the larynx occur?
A
Week 9.
14
Q
When are the true and false vocal cords formed?
A
Weeks 8 to 10.
15
Q
When are the ventricles of the larynx formed?
A
Week 12.
16
Q
What causes the formation of the posterior cleft in the larynx?
A
Obliteration of the interarytenoid notch.
17
Q
What nerve supplies the larynx?
A
Vagus nerve.
18
Q
Which arches form the laryngeal and cartilaginous structures?
A
4th and 6th pharyngeal arches.
19
Q
Which arch obliterates?
A
5th arch.
20
Q
Which arches contribute to the hyoid bone?
A
2nd and 3rd arches.
21
Q
When do inferior pharyngeal constrictor and cricothyroid muscles form?
A
Week 4.
22
Q
When do interarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles form?
A
Week 5.5.
23
Q
When does the laryngeal cricoarytenoid muscle form?
A
Week 6.
24
Q
When does the epiglottis begin to develop?
A
Week 3.
25
When do thyroid and cricoid cartilages appear?
Week 5.
26
When does chondrification of thyroid and cricoid cartilages begin?
Week 7.
27
When does development and chondrification of arytenoid and corniculate cartilages occur?
Week 12.
28
When does epiglottis chondrify?
Week 20.
29
When does the cuneiform cartilage develop?
Week 28.
30
What is the nerve supply of the first (mandibular) pharyngeal arch?
Trigeminal nerve.
31
What muscles come from the first arch?
Muscles of mastication.
32
What skeletal structures come from the first arch?
Premaxilla. maxilla. zygomatic bone. part of temporal bone. Meckel's cartilage. mandible. malleus. incus. anterior ligament of malleus. sphenomandibular ligament.
33
What is the nerve supply of the second (hyoid) arch?
Facial nerve.
34
What muscles come from the second arch?
Muscles of facial expression. posterior belly of digastric. stylohyoid. stapedius.
35
What skeletal elements come from the second arch?
Stapes. styloid process. stylohyoid ligament. lesser horn and upper portion of hyoid.
36
What is the nerve supply of the third arch?
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
37
What muscle comes from the third arch?
Stylopharyngeus.
38
What skeletal structure comes from the third arch?
Greater horn and lower portion of hyoid.
39
What is the nerve supply of the 4th arch?
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus.
40
What is the nerve supply of the 6th arch?
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus.
41
What muscles arise from the 4th and 6th arches?
Cricothyroid. levator veli palatini. constrictors of pharynx. intrinsic muscles of larynx.
42
What skeletal structures come from the 4th and 6th arches?
Laryngeal cartilages.
43
Which cartilage is the largest in the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage.
44
Which cartilage is the strongest in the larynx?
Cricoid cartilage.
45
Which cartilages are paired in the larynx?
Arytenoid. corniculate. cuneiform.
46
What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?
Moves down to cover the glottis.
47
Where is the hyoid bone located?
Superior to the larynx.
48
What is the shape of the thyroid cartilage?
Shield-like with two ala.
49
What forms the Adam’s apple?
Laryngeal prominence.
50
What does the thyroid cartilage connect to superiorly?
Hyoid bone.
51
What does the thyroid cartilage connect to inferiorly?
Cricoid cartilage.
52
What type of cartilage is the thyroid?
Hyaline.
53
When does thyroid cartilage begin to calcify?
At puberty from the inferior margin cranially.
54
What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?
Signet ring shaped.
55
Which part of the cricoid cartilage is flat?
Posterior part.
56
What is the only complete rigid ring in the airway?
Cricoid cartilage.
57
What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
Synovial joint with hinge motion.
58
When does cricoid cartilage calcify?
In young adulthood at posterior superior area and caudally.
59
What is the shape of arytenoid cartilages?
Pyramidal.
60
Where do arytenoids articulate?
Posterior superior surface of the cricoid.
61
What is the vocal process for?
Attachment of thyroarytenoid muscle.
62
What attaches to the muscular process of arytenoids?
Cricoarytenoid muscles.
63
What connects the medial surfaces of the arytenoids?
Interarytenoid muscle.
64
When do arytenoids calcify?
At 3rd decade.
65
What type of joint is the cricoarytenoid joint?
Synovial joint with rotational motion.
66
Where are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages located?
In the apex of arytenoid. embedded in aryepiglottic folds.
67
What is the shape of the epiglottis?
Leaf shaped.
68
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage.
69
What are the three attachments of the epiglottis?
Thyroepiglottic ligament. hyoepiglottic ligament. glossoepiglottic fold.
70
What is the shape of the hyoid bone?
U shaped.
71
What does the hyoid bone provide?
Stability to the larynx and pharynx.
72
Where is the hyoid suspended from?
Mandible and base of the skull by ligaments.
73
What does the thyrohyoid membrane connect?
Thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
74
What pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?
Superior laryngeal vessels and internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
75
What does the cricothyroid membrane connect?
Anterior surfaces of cricoid and thyroid
76
What is a notable feature of the cricothyroid membrane?
Relatively avascular
77
What forms the superior border of the quadrangular membrane?
Aryepiglottic fold
78
What forms the inferior border of the quadrangular membrane?
Vestibular fold. false vocal cord
79
What is another name for the conus elasticus?
Cricovocal membrane. triangular membrane
80
What is the inferior attachment of the conus elasticus?
Superior border of the cricoid cartilage
81
What is the superior anterior attachment of the conus elasticus?
Deep or posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
82
What is the superior posterior attachment of the conus elasticus?
Vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
83
What is the vocal ligament derived from?
Free upper edge of conus elasticus
84
What is the anterior attachment of the vocal ligament?
Broyle ligament
85
What is the action of the cricothyroid muscle?
Tenses and lengthens vocal cord
86
What nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
87
What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Vocal cord abductor
88
What nerve supplies the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
89
Name the vocal cord adductors.
Lateral cricoarytenoid. transverse arytenoid. oblique arytenoid. thyroarytenoid
90
What nerve supplies the vocal cord adductors?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
91
Which laryngeal muscle is unpaired?
Transverse arytenoid
92
What is the action of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
Abduction
93
Name the laryngeal elevators.
Digastric. stylohyoid. mylohyoid. geniohyoid. stylopharyngeus. salpingopharyngeus. palatopharyngeus
94
Name the laryngeal depressors.
Sternothyroid. sternohyoid. thyrohyoid. omohyoid
95
What structures are in the supraglottis?
Epiglottis. aryepiglottic folds. false vocal cords. ventricles
96
What structures are in the glottis?
Inferior floor of ventricle. true vocal folds. anterior and posterior commissure. arytenoids
97
What structures are in the subglottis?
Minor salivary glands and cricoid cartilage
98
What type of epithelium lines most of the laryngeal mucosa?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
99
Which parts of the larynx have stratified squamous epithelium?
Vocal fold. aryepiglottic fold. lingual epiglottis
100
Where are mucous glands and lymphatics abundant in the larynx?
Supraglottis
101
Where is edema more dangerous in the larynx?
Subglottic region
102
What are the layers of the vocal cords?
Squamous epithelium. superficial. intermediate. deep lamina propria. vocalis muscle
103
What forms the vocal ligament?
Intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria
104
What is the 'body' in the Body-Cover model?
Vocalis muscle
105
What is the 'cover' in the Body-Cover model?
Epithelium and superficial layer of lamina propria
106
What is the main nerve supply of the larynx?
Vagus nerve
107
What nerve provides sensation to the supraglottis and glottis?
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
108
What nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
109
What nerve supplies all other laryngeal muscles and the subglottic region?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
110
What are effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage?
Hoarseness. bilateral stridor. difficulty breathing
111
What are effects of superior laryngeal nerve damage?
Difficulty reaching high pitch. aspiration
112
Which is worse if damage is unilateral, superior or recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Superior laryngeal nerve
113
What supplies blood to the supraglottis?
Superior laryngeal artery. superior thyroid artery
114
What supplies blood to the glottis and subglottis?
Inferior laryngeal artery. inferior thyroid artery
115
What lymphatic levels drain the supraglottis?
Level II. III. IV
116
What lymphatic level drains the glottis?
Level VI. alymphatic
117
What lymphatic levels drain the subglottis?
Level VI paratracheal. pretracheal. Level II. III. IV
118
At birth, what vertebral level is the larynx?
C2 - C3
119
At 6 years, what vertebral level is the larynx?
C5
120
At adulthood, what vertebral level is the larynx?
C6
121
What shape is the newborn larynx?
Conical
122
What is the shape of the epiglottis at birth?
Omega shaped
123
Where is the narrowest portion of the airway in infants?
Subglottis
124
What is the lower limit of subglottic diameter in full term infants?
4.0 mm
125
What is the lower limit of subglottic diameter in premature infants?
3.5 mm
126
How much airway obstruction does 1 mm of glottic edema cause in infants?
35 percent
127
How much airway obstruction does 1 mm of subglottic edema cause?
Over 60 percent
