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APES Flashcards

1
Q

how long ago did the Earth form?

A

4.6 billion years ago

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2
Q

two time scales to measure the age of earth

A

the sequence of layering in rocks & natural radioactivity of chemical elements in rocks

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3
Q

strata def.

A

layer

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4
Q

info: rock layers laid down with each strata represents a “slice” of time

A

-

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5
Q

any layer is (younger/older) than those above it, (younger/older) than those below it

A

older, younger

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6
Q

superposition

A

any layer is older than those above it, younger than those below it

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7
Q

complications of measuring the age of earth using sequence of layering in rocks

A

eroded/distorted rock layers laid in different areas look different

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8
Q

at 4.5 billion years on the geological time scale, what happened

A

earth cools

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9
Q

at 3.5 billion years on the geological time scale, what happened

A

procaryotes exist

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10
Q

procaryotes

A

organisms whose cell lacks a nucleus

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11
Q

at 1.5 billion years on the geological time scale, what happened

A

eucaryotes

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12
Q

eucaryotes

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

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13
Q

at 700 million years on the geological time scale, what happened

A

sea is formed

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14
Q

at 400 million years on the geological time scale, what happened

A

land is formed

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15
Q

biosphere

A

all forms of life

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16
Q

hydrosphere

A

all forms of water

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17
Q

internal structure

A

crust, mantle, core

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18
Q

the crust floats on top of ______

A

the mantle

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19
Q

two types of crusts

A

continental crust
oceanic crust

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20
Q

the continental crust is (less/more) dense than the oceanic crust
explain why

A

less dense than oceanic crust bc the oceanic crust is rich in heavier minerals

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21
Q

moho

A

boundary between Earth’s crust & mantle

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22
Q

layers of the earth in order from top to bottom

A

crust
(moho)
mantle
-lithosphere
-asthenosphere
core

23
Q

most of earth’s mass is in which layer of the earth

A

mantle

24
Q

what is the mantle composed of

A

iron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon-oxygen compounds

25
Q

most of the mantle is (solid/liquid), except for the asthenosphere which is ______-like

A

solid
plastic-like

26
Q

lithosphere

A

upper portion of the mantle & crust, composed of tectonic plates

27
Q

which layer holds tectonic plates

A

lithosphere

28
Q

lithosphere is a part of which two layers of the earth

A

upper mantle & crust

29
Q

asthenosphere

A

part of the mantle under the lithosphere

30
Q

what layer is under the lithosphere

A

asthenosphere

31
Q

the core is mostly _____

A

iron

32
Q

the outer core is _____, and the inner core is _____

A

molten, solid

33
Q

the inner core is (solid/liquid)

A

solid

34
Q

continental drift theory

A

theory by Alfred widener about Pangea drift based on six factors
-tropical plants discovered in Greenland, glaciated landscapes in Africa & South America, tropical regions had polar climates in the past, continents fit like a puzzle, similarities In rocks between north & South America & Africa, fossils of extinct land animals found on separate continents

35
Q

who theorized the continental drift theory

A

Alfred wegener

36
Q

six factors of the continental drift theory

A

-tropical plants discovered in Greenland
-glaciated landscapes in Africa & South America
-tropical regions had polar climates in the past
-continents fit like a puzzle
-similarities In rocks between north & South America, Africa
-fossils of extinct land animals found on separate continents

37
Q

seafloor spreading theory

A

new crust is being made at volcanic rift zones due to rocks being older as they move away from the ridge

38
Q

subduction zone

A

where two tectonic plates meet & move toward each other with one sliding underneath the other & moving down to the mantle

39
Q

transform boundaries

A

where plates slide past each other, earthquakes, San Andreas fault

40
Q

the San Andreas fault is an example of what type of boundary

A

transform boundary

41
Q

what natural occurrence happens at transform boundaries

A

earthquakes

42
Q

divergent boundaries

A

where plates slide apart, space created fills with molten magma, create oceanic massive fault zones & oceanic earthquakes.

43
Q

what boundaries creates oceanic massive falult zones

A

divergent boundaries

44
Q

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of what type of boundary

A

Oceanic divergent boundary

45
Q

the African Great Rift Valley is an example of what type of boundary

A

Continental divergent boundary

46
Q

the East Pacific Ridge is an example of what type of boundary

A

oceanic divergent boundary

47
Q

convergent boundaries

A

where plates slide toward each other

48
Q

subduction zones occur at what type of boundary

A

convergent boundaries

49
Q

orogonic zone

A

when two plates collide and compress

50
Q

what type of plate boundary occurs at the orogonic zone

A

convergent boundaries

51
Q

what happens when a denser oceanic plate moves underneath a less dense continental plate

A

an oceanic trench is produced on the ocean side & a mountain range is produced on the continental side

52
Q

the cascade mountain range is an example of what

A

convergent boundaries where an oceanic trench is produced on the ocean side & a mountain range is produced on the continental side

53
Q

two ocean plates converging create …

A

an island arc

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