APES

Question 1

how long ago did the Earth form?

Answer 1

4.6 billion years ago

Question 2

two time scales to measure the age of earth

Answer 2

the sequence of layering in rocks & natural radioactivity of chemical elements in rocks

Question 3

strata def.

Answer 3

layer

Question 4

info: rock layers laid down with each strata represents a “slice” of time

Answer 4

-

Question 5

any layer is (younger/older) than those above it, (younger/older) than those below it

Answer 5

older, younger

Question 6

superposition

Answer 6

any layer is older than those above it, younger than those below it

Question 7

complications of measuring the age of earth using sequence of layering in rocks

Answer 7

eroded/distorted rock layers laid in different areas look different

Question 8

at 4.5 billion years on the geological time scale, what happened

Answer 8

earth cools

Question 9

at 3.5 billion years on the geological time scale, what happened

Answer 9

procaryotes exist

Question 10

procaryotes

Answer 10

organisms whose cell lacks a nucleus

Question 11

at 1.5 billion years on the geological time scale, what happened

Answer 11

eucaryotes

Question 12

eucaryotes

Answer 12

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

Question 13

at 700 million years on the geological time scale, what happened

Answer 13

sea is formed

Question 14

at 400 million years on the geological time scale, what happened

Answer 14

land is formed

Question 15

biosphere

Answer 15

all forms of life

Question 16

hydrosphere

Answer 16

all forms of water

Question 17

internal structure

Answer 17

crust, mantle, core

Question 18

the crust floats on top of ______

Answer 18

the mantle

Question 19

two types of crusts

Answer 19

continental crust
oceanic crust

Question 20

the continental crust is (less/more) dense than the oceanic crust
explain why

Answer 20

less dense than oceanic crust bc the oceanic crust is rich in heavier minerals

Question 21

moho

Answer 21

boundary between Earth’s crust & mantle

Question 22

layers of the earth in order from top to bottom

Answer 22

crust
(moho)
mantle
-lithosphere
-asthenosphere
core

Question 23

most of earth’s mass is in which layer of the earth

Answer 23

mantle

Question 24

what is the mantle composed of

Answer 24

iron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon-oxygen compounds

Question 25

most of the mantle is (solid/liquid), except for the asthenosphere which is ______-like

Answer 25

solid plastic-like

Question 26

lithosphere

Answer 26

upper portion of the mantle & crust, composed of tectonic plates

Question 27

which layer holds tectonic plates

Answer 27

lithosphere

Question 28

lithosphere is a part of which two layers of the earth

Answer 28

upper mantle & crust

Question 29

asthenosphere

Answer 29

part of the mantle under the lithosphere

Question 30

what layer is under the lithosphere

Answer 30

asthenosphere

Question 31

the core is mostly _____

Answer 31

iron

Question 32

the outer core is _____, and the inner core is _____

Answer 32

molten, solid

Question 33

the inner core is (solid/liquid)

Answer 33

solid

Question 34

continental drift theory

Answer 34

theory by Alfred widener about Pangea drift based on six factors -tropical plants discovered in Greenland, glaciated landscapes in Africa & South America, tropical regions had polar climates in the past, continents fit like a puzzle, similarities In rocks between north & South America & Africa, fossils of extinct land animals found on separate continents

Question 35

who theorized the continental drift theory

Answer 35

Alfred wegener

Question 36

six factors of the continental drift theory

Answer 36

-tropical plants discovered in Greenland -glaciated landscapes in Africa & South America -tropical regions had polar climates in the past -continents fit like a puzzle -similarities In rocks between north & South America, Africa -fossils of extinct land animals found on separate continents

Question 37

seafloor spreading theory

Answer 37

new crust is being made at volcanic rift zones due to rocks being older as they move away from the ridge

Question 38

subduction zone

Answer 38

where two tectonic plates meet & move toward each other with one sliding underneath the other & moving down to the mantle

Question 39

transform boundaries

Answer 39

where plates slide past each other, earthquakes, San Andreas fault

Question 40

the San Andreas fault is an example of what type of boundary

Answer 40

transform boundary

Question 41

what natural occurrence happens at transform boundaries

Answer 41

earthquakes

Question 42

divergent boundaries

Answer 42

where plates slide apart, space created fills with molten magma, create oceanic massive fault zones & oceanic earthquakes.

Question 43

what boundaries creates oceanic massive falult zones

Answer 43

divergent boundaries

Question 44

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of what type of boundary

Answer 44

Oceanic divergent boundary

Question 45

the African Great Rift Valley is an example of what type of boundary

Answer 45

Continental divergent boundary

Question 46

the East Pacific Ridge is an example of what type of boundary

Answer 46

oceanic divergent boundary

Question 47

convergent boundaries

Answer 47

where plates slide toward each other

Question 48

subduction zones occur at what type of boundary

Answer 48

convergent boundaries

Question 49

orogonic zone

Answer 49

when two plates collide and compress

Question 50

what type of plate boundary occurs at the orogonic zone

Answer 50

convergent boundaries

Question 51

what happens when a denser oceanic plate moves underneath a less dense continental plate

Answer 51

an oceanic trench is produced on the ocean side & a mountain range is produced on the continental side

Question 52

the cascade mountain range is an example of what

Answer 52

convergent boundaries where an oceanic trench is produced on the ocean side & a mountain range is produced on the continental side

Question 53

two ocean plates converging create ...

Answer 53

an island arc