Unit 5? Flashcards
(334 cards)
1
Q
Earth’s layers in order from outer to inner
A
Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
2
Q
Two other layers in the mantle
A
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
3
Q
Is the outer core liquid or solid
A
Liquid
4
Q
Is the inner core liquid or solid
A
Solid
5
Q
Core
A
The innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron
6
Q
The innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron
A
Core
7
Q
Mantle
A
Above the core containing magma
8
Q
Above the core containing magma
A
Mantle
9
Q
What is the core made out of
A
Nickel and iron
10
Q
What does the mantle contain
A
Magma
11
Q
Crust
A
The outermost layer of the planet
12
Q
The outermost layer of the planet
A
Crust
13
Q
Asthenosphere
A
The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock (like caramel)
14
Q
The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock (like caramel)
A
Asthenosphere
15
Q
What is the asthenosphere composed of
A
Semi-molten rock
16
Q
Lithosphere
A
The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100km thick
17
Q
The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100km thick
A
Lithosphere
18
Q
Heat causes plumed of hot magma to well (upward/downward) from the mantle
A
Upward
19
Q
Hotspots
A
Places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
20
Q
Places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
A
Hotspots
21
Q
Plate tectonics
A
The theory that states that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
22
Q
Divergent plate boundaries
A
When plates move apart from one another
<—— ——>
23
Q
When plates move apart from one another
A
Divergent plate boundaries
24
Q
What occurs at divergent plate boundaries
A
Seafloor spreading
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
25
Convergent plate boundaries
When plates move toward one another and collide
——> <——
26
When plates move toward one another and collide
Convergent plate boundaries
27
What happens at convergent plate boundaries
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Trenches
Mountains
28
Transform fault boundaries
The plates move sideways past each other
——>
<——
29
The plates move sideways past each other
Transform fault boundaries
30
What happens at transform fault boundaries
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
31
Volcanoes
As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano
32
As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms …..
A volcano
33
Faults
A fracture in rock across which there is movement
34
A fracture in rock across which there is movement
Faults
35
Earthquakes
Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault
36
Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault
Earthquakes
37
Epicenter
The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures
38
The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures
Epicenter
39
Richter scale
Measure of the longest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. Scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6
40
Measure of the longest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. Scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6
Richter scale
41
Moment magnitude scale
Introduced as a successor to the Richter scale. Compares energy released by earthquakes and is based on the movement of the earthquake. More accurate in measuring large earthquakes than the Richter scale
42
Introduced as a successor to the Richter scale. Compares energy released by earthquakes and is based on the movement of the earthquake. More accurate in measuring large earthquakes than the Richter scale
Moment magnitude scale
43
Mercalli scale
Measures the intensity of an Earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the earth’s surface. Requires a witness.
44
Measures the intensity of an Earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the earth’s surface. Requires a witness.
Mercalli scale
45
A wave is moving _______
Energy
46
Potential causes of tsunamis
Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides
47
Igneous rocks
Rocks that form directly from magma
48
Rocks that form directly from magma
Igneous rocks
49
Intrusive igneous
Form from within Earth as magma cools
50
Form from within Earth as magma cools
Intrusive igneous
51
Extrusive igneous
Form when magma cools above earth
52
Form when magma cools above earth
Extrusive igneous
53
Sedimentary rocks
Form when sediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
54
Form when sediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
Sedimentary rocks
55
Metamorphic rocks
Form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
56
Form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
Metamorphic rocks
57
Earth’s crust is mostly ______ and ______
Oxygen and silicon
58
Reserves
The known quality of a resource that can be economically recovered
59
Surface mining
Removing minerals that are close to Earth’s surface
60
Removing minerals that are close to Earth’s surface
Surface mining
61
Strip mining
Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore
62
Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore
Strip mining
63
Open pit mining
The creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface
64
The creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface
Open pit mining
65
Mountaintop removal
Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives
66
Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives
Mountaintop removal
67
Placer mining
Looking for metals and stones in river sediments
68
Looking for metals and stones in river sediments
Placer mining
69
Subsurface mining
Mining for resources that are 100m below the earth’s surface
70
Mining for resources that are 100m below the earth’s surface
Subsurface mining
71
Impact of mining: what does rainwater carry into nearby streams (or infiltrates ground water with)
Sulfuric acid
72
Impacts of mining: (lowers/highers) pH of water, making toxic metals like _______ or ________ more soluble in water sources
Lowers, mercury/aluminum
73
Impact of mining: methane release definition
Coal mining releases methane gas (CH4) from rock around coal
74
Coal mining releases methane gas (CH4) from rock around coal
Methane release
75
Impact of mining: PM release definition
Releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human & animal lungs (especially with coal mining)
76
Releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human & animal lungs (especially with coal mining)
PM release
77
Impact of mining: acid mine drainage
Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixed with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
78
Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixed with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
Acid mine drainage
79
3 reasons why soil matters
-breaks down organic material & regulates nutrients
-medium for plant growth
-filters water
-habitat for a variety of organisms
-soil is a carbon sink
80
natural cycling of nutrients in soil
plants take in nutrients from the soil, animals take in nutrients from the plants. These nutrients go back into the soil, primarily through decomposition of biomass.
81
common agricultural practice that leads to increased erosion in soils
tilling of soil
82
causes of soil degradation (3)
deforestation, agriculture (salinization), overgrazing
83
salinization
natural process of increasing salt content
84
two main components of soil formation
weathering & erosion
85
weathering
when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade
86
physical weathering
the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
ex. wind, water
87
chemical weathering
the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions
ex. acid rain
88
biological weathering
caused by plants and animals. Both release an acid forming chemical that cause weathering of rocks
ex. pioneer species, lichen & bacteria
89
caused by plants and animals. Both release an acid forming chemical that cause weathering of rocks
ex. pioneer species, lichen & bacteria
biological weathering
90
the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions
ex. acid rain
chemical weathering
91
the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
ex. wind, water
physical weathering
92
natural process of increasing salt content
salinization
93
erosion
the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Wind, water, ice transport, and living organisms can erode materials
94
deposition
the accumulation or depositing of eroded materials such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
(sediments, soil, or rocks are added to a landform or landmass)
95
the accumulation or depositing of eroded materials such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
(sediments, soil, or rocks are added to a landform or landmass)
deposition
96
factors that determine the formation of soil (5)
CROPT
climate
relief (topography)
organisms
parent material
time
97
climate in relation to soil formation
temperature & moisture influence the speed of chemical reactions, which, in turn, control how fast rocks weather and dead organisms decompose
98
cold & dry temperatures (slow down/speed up) decomposition & soil formation
slow down
99
warm & wet temperatures (slow down/speed up) decomposition & soil formation
speed up
100
topography
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area
101
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area
topography
102
relief in relation to soil formation
the shape of the land and the direction in faces makes a difference in how much sunlight the soil gets, and how much water it keeps
-steep slopes --> less development due to high erosion rates
-south facing slopes in the northern hemisphere --> more development as they are warmer
103
do steep slopes cause high soil development or low soil development & why
less development due to high erosion rates
104
organisms in relation to soil formation
plant roots spread out, animals burrow, and bacteria eat. These and other soil organisms speed up the breakdown of large soil particles into smaller ones.
105
roots give off what that break down minerals and other organic materials
CO2 & organic acids
106
why can roots physically break down rocks
in order to allow for water to enter & to further weather the soil
107
parent material
the rock material from which soils derived from
-every soil inherits traits from the material from which it formed
108
the rock material from which soils derived from
parent material
109
time in relation to soil formation
older soils had longer to develop
more development = more horizons
110
more soil development = more ________
horizons
111
soil horizons in order from top to bottom
O
A
E (some soils)
B
C
112
O horizon
organic layer
composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface
113
organic layer of soil
composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface
O horizon
114
A horizon
topsoil
the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together
115
topsoil layer of soil
the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together
A horizon
116
E horizon
(only in some soils)
mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas. Underlies O or A horizon.
117
(layer only in some soils)
mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas. Underlies O or A horizon.
E horizon
118
B horizon
subsoil
composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
119
subsoil layer of soil
composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
B horizon
120
C horizon
parent material
the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material
121
parent material layer of soil
the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material
C horizon
122
R horizon
bedrock
unweathered parent rock
123
bedrock layer of soil
unweathered parent rock
R horizon
124
soil proportions
minerals (45%)
-sand, clay, silt
pore space/porosity (water 25% air 25%)
organic matter (5%)
-from plants & animals
125
different sizes of the soil particles
sand (biggest)
silt (middle)
clay (smallest)
126
texture (soil)
the percentage of sand, silt, and clay the soil contains
127
what can be used to represent soil texture
soil triangles
128
draw & label a soil triangle
clay at the top, sand on the bottom left, silt on the bottom right
clay % on the left, silt % on the right, sand % on the bottom
129
porosity
the measure of pore spaces in a material (%)
amount of space between soil particles that determines how much water and air can move through the soil
130
the measure of pore spaces in a material (%)
amount of space between soil particles that determines how much water and air can move through the soil
porosity
131
permeability
how quickly water can pass through the soil
132
how quickly water can pass through the soil
permeability
133
compare the permeability of sand to clay
sand is more permeable than clay
clay will hold more water in, sand will let the water pass through
134
cation exchange capacity
(CEC) the ability if a soil to absorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions
process that allows plants to gain nutrients
135
cations
positively charged mineral ions
136
the ability if a soil to absorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions
process that allows plants to gain nutrients
cation exchange capacity
137
in the soil, what do cations attach themselves to
soil particles, which are negatively charged
138
soil bases
calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium
139
soil acids
aluminum and hydrogen
140
base saturation
the proportion of soil to soil acids
141
the proportion of soil to soil acids
base saturation
142
what does pH measure (soil)
measures the acidity & alkalinity or hydrogen ion concentration
143
what does salinity measure (soil)
measure of the salt content
144
humus
organic content
145
what does ion exchange capacity measure (soil)
measures the ability to absorb & release nutrients needed by plants
146
soil texture/ribbon test measures what
percentage of sand, silt, and clay
147
percolation rate
permeability
speed of infiltration of water
148
moisture content (soil)
the amount of water in the soil at anytime
149
friability (soil)
how soil is held together or forms clumps
150
soil compaction
degree to which soil resists pressure from the wind, water, and machinery
151
what does color indicate in soil
dark soil has more organic matter & humus
warmer shade = more iron
152
watersheds
all of the land that drains into a specific body of water (river, lake, etc)
153
what are watersheds determined by
slope & ridges of land that divide watersheds (different runoff directions)
154
3 things that play a large role in how watersheds drain
vegetation, soil composition, & slope
155
more vegetation in watersheds =
more infiltration & groundwater recharge
156
greater slope in watersheds =
faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion
157
soil permeability in watersheds determines ...
runoff vs. infiltration rates
158
human activities of watersheds & what they impact
agriculture, clearcutting, urbanization, damns, mining
impact H2O quality
159
2 effects of clearcutting
soil erosion
-caused by the loss of stabilizing root structure
-removes soil organic matter & nutrients from the forest
-deposits sediments in local streams
increased soil & stream temperatures
-soil has a lower albedo than leaves of trees
-warms water & makes it more turbid (cloudy)
-loss of tree shade increases soil temperature & warms rivers, lakes, and streams
160
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
increase in water temperature
loss of shade, increased solar radiation reaching the stream
161
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
increase in sediment/turbidity
loss of root structure/leaf litter/canopy leads to increased soil erosion and runoff
162
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -increase in nutrient concentration
loss of vegetation results in less nutrient uptake and subsequent runoff into streams`
163
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
decrease in pH
loss of root structure allows naturally occurring acids to run off into streams
164
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
decrease in dissolved oxygen
loss of shade leads to warmer water, which holds less dissolved oxygen
165
soil contents
sand, silt, clay, water, air, living stuff, organic material (from decomposing matter)
166
soil fertility
balance of micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)
167
balance of micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)
soil fertility
168
the balance of micronutrients (NPK) in soil largely comes from...
parent material & organisms in the soil
169
high soil fertility =
abundant & healthy plant life
170
aquifer
underground body of water
171
underground body of water
aquifer
172
soil does what to our groundwater
treats & filters our groundwater
173
what leads to the loss of soil fertility
-by planting the same thing over & over again in the same area
-overgrazing, deforestation, tilling --> increase of erosion --> roots cant hold soil in place anymore
174
soils are formed from the (top-down/bottom-up) as organic matter dies and decomposes
top-down
175
parent materials are weathered, transported, and then deposited by...
rain, ice, gravity, and wind
176
what type of soil is typically the most fertile
mature soil
177
warm temperatures in relation to decomposition
warm temperatures speed up decomposition
178
cold temperatures in relation to decomposition
cold temperatures slow down decomposition
179
warm temperatures in relation to soil formation
warm temperatures speed up soil formation
180
cold temperatures in relation to decomposition
cold temperatures slow down soil formation
181
does salt make it harder or easier for plants to grow
harder
182
gases of the earth's atmosphere
nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21%
argon 0.93%
water vapor 0-4%
CO2 0.04%
183
layers of the atmosphere from closest to furthest
troposphere
(peak ozone layer)
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
exosphere
184
draw the layers of the atmosphere and the heat curve
see notes
185
thermosphere temperature
temperature increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
-hottest place on earth
186
temperature increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
-hottest place on earth
thermosphere
187
mesosphere temperature
temperature decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
-coldest place on earth
188
temperature decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
-coldest place on earth
mesosphere
189
stratosphere temperature
temperature increases because top layer of the stratosphere is warmed by the creation of the ozone
190
temperature increases because top layer is warmed by the creation of the ozone
stratosphere
191
troposphere temperature
temperature decreases as air gets further away from warmth of the earth's surface
192
temperature decreases as air gets further away from warmth of the earth's surface
troposphere
193
what is the troposphere heated by
the earth
194
conduction
the ground heats the air
195
when the ground heats the air
conduction
196
when warm air rises
convection
197
convection
when warm air rises
198
what is the stratosphere heated by
the ozone layer
uv radiation is converted into thermal energy, heating the stratosphere
199
what is the mesosphere heated by
the stratosphere
200
the mesosphere contains gases that (can/cannot) absorb the sun's radiation
cannot
201
the thermosphere contains gases that (can/cannot) absorb the sun's radiation
can
202
what is the thermosphere heated by
the sun
203
air that rises is considered (stable/unstable)
unstable
204
cold
warm
----------
earth
stable or unstable?
unstable
205
warm
cold
---------
earth
stable or unstable?
stable
206
exosphere
outermost layer where the atmosphere merges with space
207
at what layer of the atmosphere would satellites be found
exosphere
208
at what layer of the atmosphere does weather occur
troposphere
209
most dense layer of atmosphere
troposphere
210
how many km far is the troposphere
0-16km
211
lowest layer of the atmosphere
troposphere
212
which layer of atmosphere experiences the highest air pressure
troposphere
213
which layer of atmosphere contains most of the atmosphere's mass
troposphere
214
is air stable or unstable in the troposphere
unstable
215
what is the second layer of the atmosphere
stratosphere
216
how many km far is the stratosphere
16-60km
217
second most dense layer of the atmosphere
stratosphere
218
is the air in the stratosphere stable or unstable
stable
219
what is temperature inversion a result of
the ozone layer
220
how many km far is the mesosphere
60-80km
221
third most dense layer of the atmosphere
mesosphere
222
is the mesosphere stable or unstable
unstable because gases cannot absorb the sun's radiation
223
hottest layer of the earth
thermosphere
224
at what layer can the northern lights be seen
thermosphere
225
warm air has (high/low) density, cool air has (high/low) density
low, high
226
warm air has (high/low) pressure, cool air has (high/low) pressure
low, high
227
wind is the movement of ....
air
228
what causes wind (4)
-uneven heating of the earth
-earth's rotation
-coriolis effect
-pressure differences
229
albedo
reflectivity
230
reflectivity
albedo
231
global temperatures variations caused by what
different parts of the world heating up differently
232
incoming solar radiation is absorbed by... (3)
atmosphere, clouds, and earth's surface
233
convection currents1 - at the ITCZ, the sun heats the moist tropical air, causing it to....
rise
234
convection currents2 - as the air rises, it experiences _______, which causes water vapor to condense into rain and fall back to earth
adiabatic cooling
235
convection currents3 - the condensation of water vapor produces ___________. This causes the air to expand and rise further up into the atmosphere
latent heat release
236
convection currents4 - the warm, rising air displaces the _______ air above it to the north and south
cooler, drier air
237
convection currents5 - the cool, dry air sinks and experiences ____________. It reaches the earth's surface as warm, dry air, and then flows back toward the equator
adiabatic heating
238
look at the formation of convection current chart in notes
-
239
tropopause
lid to the lowest part of the atmosphere, which contains all weather
240
the three cells
-polar cell
-ferrel cell
-Hadley cell
241
position of the three cells
polar cell on top and bottom, two Hadley cells in the center, ferrel cell between polar and Hadley cells (check notes)
242
smallest cells
polar cells
243
largest cells
Hadley cells
244
how are ferrel cells unlike the other cells
not driven by temperature, flows in the opposite direction to Hadley and polar cells, transports heat from the equator to the poles
245
draw the three cells and their directions
see notes
246
where air is rising, areas of (low/high) pressure are created, and (less/more) rainfall
low, more
247
why are there large areas of rainfall near the equator
because when air is rising, areas of low pressure are created, and more rainfall occurs
248
when air is descending, an area of (low/high) pressure forms, giving (less/more) rainfall
high, less
249
atmospheric convention currents
global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the earth
250
Hadley cells
the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees north and south
251
intertropical convergence
the area of earth that receives the most sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge
252
the area of earth that receives the most sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge
intertropical convergence
253
polar cells
the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60 degrees north and south and sinks at the poles (90 degrees north and south)
254
the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees north and south
Hadley cells
255
global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the earth
atmospheric convention currents
256
the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60 degrees north and south and sinks at the poles (90 degrees north and south)
polar cells
257
Coriolis effect
the spin of the earth induces an apparent motion to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles
258
the spin of the earth induces an apparent motion to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles
coriolos effect
259
what causes the Coriolis effect
the earth rotating faster at the equator than the poles --> air moving from a fast moving region to a slow moving region
260
global circulation patters are at an angle due to .....
the earth's rotation
261
As air moves away from the equator it moves in a _____ direction
curved
262
draw how air moves away from the equator
see notes
263
winds blow (clockwise/anticlockwise) around low pressure in the northern hemisphere
anticlockwise
264
winds blow (clockwise/anticlockwise) around high pressure in the northern hemisphere
clockwise
265
conservation of angular momentum
air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the earth's spin axis
266
air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the earth's spin axis
conservation of angular momentum
267
magnitude of the coriolis force (increases/decreases) towards the poles
increases
268
subtropical jet streams
some of the strongest winds on earth. sits between the descending branches of Hadley and ferrel cells
269
some of the strongest winds on earth. sits between the descending branches of Hadley and ferrel cells
subtropical jet streams
270
draw subtropical jet streams
see notes
271
polar front jet
sits between the rising branches of polar and ferrel. marks the boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air
272
sits between the rising branches of polar and ferrel. marks the boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air
polar front jet
273
draw polar front jets
see notes
274
surface flow of Hadley cells form....
trade winds
275
as air flows toward the equator, it is deflected towards the (east/west) in both hemispheres, forming _______
west, trade winds
276
draw trade winds
see notes
277
draw westerlies
see notes
278
the earth is tilted at ___ degrees
23.5
279
coriolis effect creates what natural disaster
hurricanes
280
draw the prevailing winds of the world
see notes
281
why are deserts typically found at 30 degrees north and south latitude
because when air rises at the equator, it is full of water vapor. As it cools in the higher altitude, clouds form and then precipitation. As the air moves along, cools, and sinks around 30 degrees latitude, it is now dry - no rain = deserts
282
how does density determine air movement
warmer, less dense air rises & colder, denser air sinks
283
how does adiabatic cooling or heating determine air movement
as air rises in the atmosphere its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling. As air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = heating
284
how does latent heat release determine air movement
when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released
285
when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released
latent heat release
286
ice/snow has (low/high) albedo
high
287
water had (low/high) albedo
low
288
draw the earth's position in the march equinox
see notes
289
draw the earth's position in the December solstice
see notes
290
draw the earth's position in the June solstice
see notes
291
draw the earth's position in the September equinox
see notes
292
march equinox
sun directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. spring begins in the northern hemisphere. fall begins in the Southern Hemisphere
293
December solstice
northern hemisphere maximally tilted away from the sun and experiences the shortest day of the year. winter begins in the northern hemisphere. summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere
294
September equinox
the sun is directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of darkness. fall begins in the northern hemisphere. spiring begins in the southern hemisphere.
295
June solstice
the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and experiences the longest day of the year. summer begins in the northern hemisphere. winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.
296
sun directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. spring begins in the northern hemisphere. fall begins in the Southern Hemisphere
march equinox
297
northern hemisphere maximally tilted away from the sun and experiences the shortest day of the year. winter begins in the northern hemisphere. summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere
December solstice
298
the sun is directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of darkness. fall begins in the northern hemisphere. spiring begins in the southern hemisphere.
September equinox
299
the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and experiences the longest day of the year. summer begins in the northern hemisphere. winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.
June solstice
300
the sun reaches the greatest height in the sky at solar noon during the (summer/winter/fall/spring) solstice
summer solstice
301
the earth is closest to the sun during which month
january
302
draw a rain shadow diagram
see notes
303
adiabatic heating
as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = warming
304
as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = warming
adiabatic heating
305
adiabatic cooling
as air rises in the atmosphere, its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling
306
as air rises in the atmosphere, its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling
adiabatic cooling
307
when air moving inland from the ocean that contains a large amount of water vapor meets the windward side of a mountain range, it rises and begins to experience ______
adiabatic cooling
308
because water vapor condenses as air cools, clouds form and precipitation falls on the (windward/leeward) side
windward
309
the cold, dry air then travels to the other side of the mountain range (leeward side), where it descends and experiences high pressures, which causes _______
adiabatic heating
310
what are ocean currents driven by
driven by a combination of temperature, gravity density, prevailing winds, the coriolis effect, and the location of continents
311
gyres
the patterns of water circulation. the ocean surface currents rotate in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere
312
the patterns of water circulation. the ocean surface currents rotate in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere
gyres
313
the ocean surface currents rotate in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) direction in the northern hemisphere
clockwise
314
the ocean surface currents rotate in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) direction in the southern hemisphere
counterclockwise
315
draw a picture of gyres in the northern & southern hemisphere
see notes
316
as water moves towards the poles, it gets (warmer/colder), and has a (lower/higher) concentration of salt
colder, higher
317
thermohaline circulation
drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
318
drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
thermohaline circulation
319
draw ocean currents
see notes
320
upwelling
as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away
321
as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away
upwelling
322
surface currents control ___% of ocean movement
10%
323
deep water currents control ___% of ocean movement
90%
324
why is thermohaline circulation important
crucial process for moving heat & nutrients across the globe
325
some of the water that flows from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic ___________, and what is left behind
freezes or evaporates, salt is left behind
326
draw a picture of a normal year vs an el Niño year
see notes
327
el niño (ENSO)
every 3 to 7 years, the interaction of the earth's atmosphere and ocean cause surface currents in the tropical pacific ocean to reverse direction
328
el niño vs la niña
el niño --> warm phase of ENSO
la niña --> cold phase of ENSO
329
el niño - trade winds are (weaker/stronger) than normal
weaker
330
el niño - (less/more) upwelling of cold water in the east, so (less/more) nutrients for fish
less, less
331
el niño - pushes rainfall where
further out to sea
332
el niño - peru & southern US get (less/more) rainfall
more
333
el niño - Australia & indonesia get (less/more) rainfall
less
334
el niño - global temperatures (warmer/colder) than usual
warmer
