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Enviro > Unit 5? > Flashcards

Unit 5? Flashcards

1
Q

Earth’s layers in order from outer to inner

A

Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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2
Q

Two other layers in the mantle

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

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3
Q

Is the outer core liquid or solid

A

Liquid

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4
Q

Is the inner core liquid or solid

A

Solid

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5
Q

Core

A

The innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron

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6
Q

The innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron

A

Core

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7
Q

Mantle

A

Above the core containing magma

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8
Q

Above the core containing magma

A

Mantle

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9
Q

What is the core made out of

A

Nickel and iron

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10
Q

What does the mantle contain

A

Magma

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11
Q

Crust

A

The outermost layer of the planet

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12
Q

The outermost layer of the planet

A

Crust

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13
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock (like caramel)

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14
Q

The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock (like caramel)

A

Asthenosphere

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15
Q

What is the asthenosphere composed of

A

Semi-molten rock

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16
Q

Lithosphere

A

The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100km thick

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17
Q

The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100km thick

A

Lithosphere

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18
Q

Heat causes plumed of hot magma to well (upward/downward) from the mantle

A

Upward

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19
Q

Hotspots

A

Places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

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20
Q

Places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

A

Hotspots

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21
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The theory that states that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

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22
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

When plates move apart from one another
<—— ——>

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23
Q

When plates move apart from one another

A

Divergent plate boundaries

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24
Q

What occurs at divergent plate boundaries

A

Seafloor spreading
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Tsunamis

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25
Q

Convergent plate boundaries

A

When plates move toward one another and collide
——> <——

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26
Q

When plates move toward one another and collide

A

Convergent plate boundaries

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27
Q

What happens at convergent plate boundaries

A

Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Trenches
Mountains

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28
Q

Transform fault boundaries

A

The plates move sideways past each other

——>
<——

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29
Q

The plates move sideways past each other

A

Transform fault boundaries

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30
Q

What happens at transform fault boundaries

A

Earthquakes
Tsunamis

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31
Q

Volcanoes

A

As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano

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32
Q

As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms …..

A

A volcano

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33
Q

Faults

A

A fracture in rock across which there is movement

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34
Q

A fracture in rock across which there is movement

A

Faults

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35
Q

Earthquakes

A

Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault

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36
Q

Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault

A

Earthquakes

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37
Q

Epicenter

A

The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures

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38
Q

The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures

A

Epicenter

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39
Q

Richter scale

A

Measure of the longest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. Scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6

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40
Q

Measure of the longest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. Scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6

A

Richter scale

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41
Q

Moment magnitude scale

A

Introduced as a successor to the Richter scale. Compares energy released by earthquakes and is based on the movement of the earthquake. More accurate in measuring large earthquakes than the Richter scale

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42
Q

Introduced as a successor to the Richter scale. Compares energy released by earthquakes and is based on the movement of the earthquake. More accurate in measuring large earthquakes than the Richter scale

A

Moment magnitude scale

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43
Q

Mercalli scale

A

Measures the intensity of an Earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the earth’s surface. Requires a witness.

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44
Q

Measures the intensity of an Earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the earth’s surface. Requires a witness.

A

Mercalli scale

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45
Q

A wave is moving _______

A

Energy

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46
Q

Potential causes of tsunamis

A

Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides

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47
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Rocks that form directly from magma

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48
Q

Rocks that form directly from magma

A

Igneous rocks

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49
Q

Intrusive igneous

A

Form from within Earth as magma cools

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50
Q

Form from within Earth as magma cools

A

Intrusive igneous

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51
Q

Extrusive igneous

A

Form when magma cools above earth

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52
Q

Form when magma cools above earth

A

Extrusive igneous

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53
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Form when sediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments

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54
Q

Form when sediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments

A

Sedimentary rocks

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55
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures

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56
Q

Form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures

A

Metamorphic rocks

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57
Q

Earth’s crust is mostly ______ and ______

A

Oxygen and silicon

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58
Q

Reserves

A

The known quality of a resource that can be economically recovered

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59
Q

Surface mining

A

Removing minerals that are close to Earth’s surface

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60
Q

Removing minerals that are close to Earth’s surface

A

Surface mining

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61
Q

Strip mining

A

Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore

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62
Q

Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore

A

Strip mining

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63
Q

Open pit mining

A

The creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface

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64
Q

The creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface

A

Open pit mining

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65
Q

Mountaintop removal

A

Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives

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66
Q

Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives

A

Mountaintop removal

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67
Q

Placer mining

A

Looking for metals and stones in river sediments

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68
Q

Looking for metals and stones in river sediments

A

Placer mining

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69
Q

Subsurface mining

A

Mining for resources that are 100m below the earth’s surface

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70
Q

Mining for resources that are 100m below the earth’s surface

A

Subsurface mining

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71
Q

Impact of mining: what does rainwater carry into nearby streams (or infiltrates ground water with)

A

Sulfuric acid

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72
Q

Impacts of mining: (lowers/highers) pH of water, making toxic metals like _______ or ________ more soluble in water sources

A

Lowers, mercury/aluminum

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73
Q

Impact of mining: methane release definition

A

Coal mining releases methane gas (CH4) from rock around coal

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74
Q

Coal mining releases methane gas (CH4) from rock around coal

A

Methane release

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75
Q

Impact of mining: PM release definition

A

Releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human & animal lungs (especially with coal mining)

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76
Q

Releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human & animal lungs (especially with coal mining)

A

PM release

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77
Q

Impact of mining: acid mine drainage

A

Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixed with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid

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78
Q

Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixed with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid

A

Acid mine drainage

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79
Q

3 reasons why soil matters

A

-breaks down organic material & regulates nutrients
-medium for plant growth
-filters water
-habitat for a variety of organisms
-soil is a carbon sink

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80
Q

natural cycling of nutrients in soil

A

plants take in nutrients from the soil, animals take in nutrients from the plants. These nutrients go back into the soil, primarily through decomposition of biomass.

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81
Q

common agricultural practice that leads to increased erosion in soils

A

tilling of soil

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82
Q

causes of soil degradation (3)

A

deforestation, agriculture (salinization), overgrazing

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83
Q

salinization

A

natural process of increasing salt content

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84
Q

two main components of soil formation

A

weathering & erosion

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85
Q

weathering

A

when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade

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86
Q

physical weathering

A

the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
ex. wind, water

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87
Q

chemical weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions
ex. acid rain

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88
Q

biological weathering

A

caused by plants and animals. Both release an acid forming chemical that cause weathering of rocks
ex. pioneer species, lichen & bacteria

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89
Q

caused by plants and animals. Both release an acid forming chemical that cause weathering of rocks
ex. pioneer species, lichen & bacteria

A

biological weathering

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90
Q

the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions
ex. acid rain

A

chemical weathering

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91
Q

the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
ex. wind, water

A

physical weathering

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92
Q

natural process of increasing salt content

A

salinization

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93
Q

erosion

A

the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Wind, water, ice transport, and living organisms can erode materials

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94
Q

deposition

A

the accumulation or depositing of eroded materials such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
(sediments, soil, or rocks are added to a landform or landmass)

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95
Q

the accumulation or depositing of eroded materials such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
(sediments, soil, or rocks are added to a landform or landmass)

A

deposition

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96
Q

factors that determine the formation of soil (5)

A

CROPT
climate
relief (topography)
organisms
parent material
time

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97
Q

climate in relation to soil formation

A

temperature & moisture influence the speed of chemical reactions, which, in turn, control how fast rocks weather and dead organisms decompose

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98
Q

cold & dry temperatures (slow down/speed up) decomposition & soil formation

A

slow down

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99
Q

warm & wet temperatures (slow down/speed up) decomposition & soil formation

A

speed up

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100
Q

topography

A

the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area

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101
Q

the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area

A

topography

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102
Q

relief in relation to soil formation

A

the shape of the land and the direction in faces makes a difference in how much sunlight the soil gets, and how much water it keeps
-steep slopes –> less development due to high erosion rates
-south facing slopes in the northern hemisphere –> more development as they are warmer

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103
Q

do steep slopes cause high soil development or low soil development & why

A

less development due to high erosion rates

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104
Q

organisms in relation to soil formation

A

plant roots spread out, animals burrow, and bacteria eat. These and other soil organisms speed up the breakdown of large soil particles into smaller ones.

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105
Q

roots give off what that break down minerals and other organic materials

A

CO2 & organic acids

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106
Q

why can roots physically break down rocks

A

in order to allow for water to enter & to further weather the soil

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107
Q

parent material

A

the rock material from which soils derived from
-every soil inherits traits from the material from which it formed

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108
Q

the rock material from which soils derived from

A

parent material

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109
Q

time in relation to soil formation

A

older soils had longer to develop
more development = more horizons

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110
Q

more soil development = more ________

A

horizons

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111
Q

soil horizons in order from top to bottom

A

O
A
E (some soils)
B
C

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112
Q

O horizon

A

organic layer
composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface

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113
Q

organic layer of soil
composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface

A

O horizon

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114
Q

A horizon

A

topsoil
the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together

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115
Q

topsoil layer of soil
the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together

A

A horizon

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116
Q

E horizon

A

(only in some soils)
mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas. Underlies O or A horizon.

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117
Q

(layer only in some soils)
mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas. Underlies O or A horizon.

A

E horizon

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118
Q

B horizon

A

subsoil
composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter

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119
Q

subsoil layer of soil
composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter

A

B horizon

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120
Q

C horizon

A

parent material
the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material

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121
Q

parent material layer of soil
the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material

A

C horizon

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122
Q

R horizon

A

bedrock
unweathered parent rock

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123
Q

bedrock layer of soil
unweathered parent rock

A

R horizon

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124
Q

soil proportions

A

minerals (45%)
-sand, clay, silt
pore space/porosity (water 25% air 25%)
organic matter (5%)
-from plants & animals

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125
Q

different sizes of the soil particles

A

sand (biggest)
silt (middle)
clay (smallest)

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126
Q

texture (soil)

A

the percentage of sand, silt, and clay the soil contains

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127
Q

what can be used to represent soil texture

A

soil triangles

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128
Q

draw & label a soil triangle

A

clay at the top, sand on the bottom left, silt on the bottom right

clay % on the left, silt % on the right, sand % on the bottom

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129
Q

porosity

A

the measure of pore spaces in a material (%)
amount of space between soil particles that determines how much water and air can move through the soil

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130
Q

the measure of pore spaces in a material (%)
amount of space between soil particles that determines how much water and air can move through the soil

A

porosity

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131
Q

permeability

A

how quickly water can pass through the soil

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132
Q

how quickly water can pass through the soil

A

permeability

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133
Q

compare the permeability of sand to clay

A

sand is more permeable than clay
clay will hold more water in, sand will let the water pass through

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134
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

(CEC) the ability if a soil to absorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions
process that allows plants to gain nutrients

135
Q

cations

A

positively charged mineral ions

136
Q

the ability if a soil to absorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions
process that allows plants to gain nutrients

A

cation exchange capacity

137
Q

in the soil, what do cations attach themselves to

A

soil particles, which are negatively charged

138
Q

soil bases

A

calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium

139
Q

soil acids

A

aluminum and hydrogen

140
Q

base saturation

A

the proportion of soil to soil acids

141
Q

the proportion of soil to soil acids

A

base saturation

142
Q

what does pH measure (soil)

A

measures the acidity & alkalinity or hydrogen ion concentration

143
Q

what does salinity measure (soil)

A

measure of the salt content

144
Q

humus

A

organic content

145
Q

what does ion exchange capacity measure (soil)

A

measures the ability to absorb & release nutrients needed by plants

146
Q

soil texture/ribbon test measures what

A

percentage of sand, silt, and clay

147
Q

percolation rate

A

permeability
speed of infiltration of water

148
Q

moisture content (soil)

A

the amount of water in the soil at anytime

149
Q

friability (soil)

A

how soil is held together or forms clumps

150
Q

soil compaction

A

degree to which soil resists pressure from the wind, water, and machinery

151
Q

what does color indicate in soil

A

dark soil has more organic matter & humus
warmer shade = more iron

152
Q

watersheds

A

all of the land that drains into a specific body of water (river, lake, etc)

153
Q

what are watersheds determined by

A

slope & ridges of land that divide watersheds (different runoff directions)

154
Q

3 things that play a large role in how watersheds drain

A

vegetation, soil composition, & slope

155
Q

more vegetation in watersheds =

A

more infiltration & groundwater recharge

156
Q

greater slope in watersheds =

A

faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion

157
Q

soil permeability in watersheds determines …

A

runoff vs. infiltration rates

158
Q

human activities of watersheds & what they impact

A

agriculture, clearcutting, urbanization, damns, mining
impact H2O quality

159
Q

2 effects of clearcutting

A

soil erosion
-caused by the loss of stabilizing root structure
-removes soil organic matter & nutrients from the forest
-deposits sediments in local streams
increased soil & stream temperatures
-soil has a lower albedo than leaves of trees
-warms water & makes it more turbid (cloudy)
-loss of tree shade increases soil temperature & warms rivers, lakes, and streams

160
Q

change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
increase in water temperature

A

loss of shade, increased solar radiation reaching the stream

161
Q

change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
increase in sediment/turbidity

A

loss of root structure/leaf litter/canopy leads to increased soil erosion and runoff

162
Q

change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -increase in nutrient concentration

A

loss of vegetation results in less nutrient uptake and subsequent runoff into streams`

163
Q

change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
decrease in pH

A

loss of root structure allows naturally occurring acids to run off into streams

164
Q

change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
decrease in dissolved oxygen

A

loss of shade leads to warmer water, which holds less dissolved oxygen

165
Q

soil contents

A

sand, silt, clay, water, air, living stuff, organic material (from decomposing matter)

166
Q

soil fertility

A

balance of micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)

167
Q

balance of micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)

A

soil fertility

168
Q

the balance of micronutrients (NPK) in soil largely comes from…

A

parent material & organisms in the soil

169
Q

high soil fertility =

A

abundant & healthy plant life

170
Q

aquifer

A

underground body of water

171
Q

underground body of water

A

aquifer

172
Q

soil does what to our groundwater

A

treats & filters our groundwater

173
Q

what leads to the loss of soil fertility

A

-by planting the same thing over & over again in the same area
-overgrazing, deforestation, tilling –> increase of erosion –> roots cant hold soil in place anymore

174
Q

soils are formed from the (top-down/bottom-up) as organic matter dies and decomposes

A

top-down

175
Q

parent materials are weathered, transported, and then deposited by…

A

rain, ice, gravity, and wind

176
Q

what type of soil is typically the most fertile

A

mature soil

177
Q

warm temperatures in relation to decomposition

A

warm temperatures speed up decomposition

178
Q

cold temperatures in relation to decomposition

A

cold temperatures slow down decomposition

179
Q

warm temperatures in relation to soil formation

A

warm temperatures speed up soil formation

180
Q

cold temperatures in relation to decomposition

A

cold temperatures slow down soil formation

181
Q

does salt make it harder or easier for plants to grow

A

harder

182
Q

gases of the earth’s atmosphere

A

nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21%
argon 0.93%
water vapor 0-4%
CO2 0.04%

183
Q

layers of the atmosphere from closest to furthest

A

troposphere
(peak ozone layer)
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
exosphere

184
Q

draw the layers of the atmosphere and the heat curve

A

see notes

185
Q

thermosphere temperature

A

temperature increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
-hottest place on earth

186
Q

temperature increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
-hottest place on earth

A

thermosphere

187
Q

mesosphere temperature

A

temperature decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
-coldest place on earth

188
Q

temperature decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
-coldest place on earth

A

mesosphere

189
Q

stratosphere temperature

A

temperature increases because top layer of the stratosphere is warmed by the creation of the ozone

190
Q

temperature increases because top layer is warmed by the creation of the ozone

A

stratosphere

191
Q

troposphere temperature

A

temperature decreases as air gets further away from warmth of the earth’s surface

192
Q

temperature decreases as air gets further away from warmth of the earth’s surface

A

troposphere

193
Q

what is the troposphere heated by

A

the earth

194
Q

conduction

A

the ground heats the air

195
Q

when the ground heats the air

A

conduction

196
Q

when warm air rises

A

convection

197
Q

convection

A

when warm air rises

198
Q

what is the stratosphere heated by

A

the ozone layer
uv radiation is converted into thermal energy, heating the stratosphere

199
Q

what is the mesosphere heated by

A

the stratosphere

200
Q

the mesosphere contains gases that (can/cannot) absorb the sun’s radiation

A

cannot

201
Q

the thermosphere contains gases that (can/cannot) absorb the sun’s radiation

A

can

202
Q

what is the thermosphere heated by

A

the sun

203
Q

air that rises is considered (stable/unstable)

A

unstable

204
Q

cold

earth

stable or unstable?

A

unstable

205
Q

warm

earth

stable or unstable?

A

stable

206
Q

exosphere

A

outermost layer where the atmosphere merges with space

207
Q

at what layer of the atmosphere would satellites be found

A

exosphere

208
Q

at what layer of the atmosphere does weather occur

A

troposphere

209
Q

most dense layer of atmosphere

A

troposphere

210
Q

how many km far is the troposphere

A

0-16km

211
Q

lowest layer of the atmosphere

A

troposphere

212
Q

which layer of atmosphere experiences the highest air pressure

A

troposphere

213
Q

which layer of atmosphere contains most of the atmosphere’s mass

A

troposphere

214
Q

is air stable or unstable in the troposphere

A

unstable

215
Q

what is the second layer of the atmosphere

A

stratosphere

216
Q

how many km far is the stratosphere

A

16-60km

217
Q

second most dense layer of the atmosphere

A

stratosphere

218
Q

is the air in the stratosphere stable or unstable

A

stable

219
Q

what is temperature inversion a result of

A

the ozone layer

220
Q

how many km far is the mesosphere

A

60-80km

221
Q

third most dense layer of the atmosphere

A

mesosphere

222
Q

is the mesosphere stable or unstable

A

unstable because gases cannot absorb the sun’s radiation

223
Q

hottest layer of the earth

A

thermosphere

224
Q

at what layer can the northern lights be seen

A

thermosphere

225
Q

warm air has (high/low) density, cool air has (high/low) density

A

low, high

226
Q

warm air has (high/low) pressure, cool air has (high/low) pressure

A

low, high

227
Q

wind is the movement of ….

A

air

228
Q

what causes wind (4)

A

-uneven heating of the earth
-earth’s rotation
-coriolis effect
-pressure differences

229
Q

albedo

A

reflectivity

230
Q

reflectivity

A

albedo

231
Q

global temperatures variations caused by what

A

different parts of the world heating up differently

232
Q

incoming solar radiation is absorbed by… (3)

A

atmosphere, clouds, and earth’s surface

233
Q

convection currents1 - at the ITCZ, the sun heats the moist tropical air, causing it to….

A

rise

234
Q

convection currents2 - as the air rises, it experiences _______, which causes water vapor to condense into rain and fall back to earth

A

adiabatic cooling

235
Q

convection currents3 - the condensation of water vapor produces ___________. This causes the air to expand and rise further up into the atmosphere

A

latent heat release

236
Q

convection currents4 - the warm, rising air displaces the _______ air above it to the north and south

A

cooler, drier air

237
Q

convection currents5 - the cool, dry air sinks and experiences ____________. It reaches the earth’s surface as warm, dry air, and then flows back toward the equator

A

adiabatic heating

238
Q

look at the formation of convection current chart in notes

A

-

239
Q

tropopause

A

lid to the lowest part of the atmosphere, which contains all weather

240
Q

the three cells

A

-polar cell
-ferrel cell
-Hadley cell

241
Q

position of the three cells

A

polar cell on top and bottom, two Hadley cells in the center, ferrel cell between polar and Hadley cells (check notes)

242
Q

smallest cells

A

polar cells

243
Q

largest cells

A

Hadley cells

244
Q

how are ferrel cells unlike the other cells

A

not driven by temperature, flows in the opposite direction to Hadley and polar cells, transports heat from the equator to the poles

245
Q

draw the three cells and their directions

A

see notes

246
Q

where air is rising, areas of (low/high) pressure are created, and (less/more) rainfall

A

low, more

247
Q

why are there large areas of rainfall near the equator

A

because when air is rising, areas of low pressure are created, and more rainfall occurs

248
Q

when air is descending, an area of (low/high) pressure forms, giving (less/more) rainfall

A

high, less

249
Q

atmospheric convention currents

A

global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the earth

250
Q

Hadley cells

A

the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees north and south

251
Q

intertropical convergence

A

the area of earth that receives the most sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge

252
Q

the area of earth that receives the most sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge

A

intertropical convergence

253
Q

polar cells

A

the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60 degrees north and south and sinks at the poles (90 degrees north and south)

254
Q

the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees north and south

A

Hadley cells

255
Q

global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the earth

A

atmospheric convention currents

256
Q

the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60 degrees north and south and sinks at the poles (90 degrees north and south)

A

polar cells

257
Q

Coriolis effect

A

the spin of the earth induces an apparent motion to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles

258
Q

the spin of the earth induces an apparent motion to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles

A

coriolos effect

259
Q

what causes the Coriolis effect

A

the earth rotating faster at the equator than the poles –> air moving from a fast moving region to a slow moving region

260
Q

global circulation patters are at an angle due to …..

A

the earth’s rotation

261
Q

As air moves away from the equator it moves in a _____ direction

A

curved

262
Q

draw how air moves away from the equator

A

see notes

263
Q

winds blow (clockwise/anticlockwise) around low pressure in the northern hemisphere

A

anticlockwise

264
Q

winds blow (clockwise/anticlockwise) around high pressure in the northern hemisphere

A

clockwise

265
Q

conservation of angular momentum

A

air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the earth’s spin axis

266
Q

air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the earth’s spin axis

A

conservation of angular momentum

267
Q

magnitude of the coriolis force (increases/decreases) towards the poles

A

increases

268
Q

subtropical jet streams

A

some of the strongest winds on earth. sits between the descending branches of Hadley and ferrel cells

269
Q

some of the strongest winds on earth. sits between the descending branches of Hadley and ferrel cells

A

subtropical jet streams

270
Q

draw subtropical jet streams

A

see notes

271
Q

polar front jet

A

sits between the rising branches of polar and ferrel. marks the boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air

272
Q

sits between the rising branches of polar and ferrel. marks the boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air

A

polar front jet

273
Q

draw polar front jets

A

see notes

274
Q

surface flow of Hadley cells form….

A

trade winds

275
Q

as air flows toward the equator, it is deflected towards the (east/west) in both hemispheres, forming _______

A

west, trade winds

276
Q

draw trade winds

A

see notes

277
Q

draw westerlies

A

see notes

278
Q

the earth is tilted at ___ degrees

A

23.5

279
Q

coriolis effect creates what natural disaster

A

hurricanes

280
Q

draw the prevailing winds of the world

A

see notes

281
Q

why are deserts typically found at 30 degrees north and south latitude

A

because when air rises at the equator, it is full of water vapor. As it cools in the higher altitude, clouds form and then precipitation. As the air moves along, cools, and sinks around 30 degrees latitude, it is now dry - no rain = deserts

282
Q

how does density determine air movement

A

warmer, less dense air rises & colder, denser air sinks

283
Q

how does adiabatic cooling or heating determine air movement

A

as air rises in the atmosphere its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling. As air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = heating

284
Q

how does latent heat release determine air movement

A

when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released

285
Q

when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released

A

latent heat release

286
Q

ice/snow has (low/high) albedo

A

high

287
Q

water had (low/high) albedo

A

low

288
Q

draw the earth’s position in the march equinox

A

see notes

289
Q

draw the earth’s position in the December solstice

A

see notes

290
Q

draw the earth’s position in the June solstice

A

see notes

291
Q

draw the earth’s position in the September equinox

A

see notes

292
Q

march equinox

A

sun directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. spring begins in the northern hemisphere. fall begins in the Southern Hemisphere

293
Q

December solstice

A

northern hemisphere maximally tilted away from the sun and experiences the shortest day of the year. winter begins in the northern hemisphere. summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere

294
Q

September equinox

A

the sun is directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of darkness. fall begins in the northern hemisphere. spiring begins in the southern hemisphere.

295
Q

June solstice

A

the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and experiences the longest day of the year. summer begins in the northern hemisphere. winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.

296
Q

sun directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. spring begins in the northern hemisphere. fall begins in the Southern Hemisphere

A

march equinox

297
Q

northern hemisphere maximally tilted away from the sun and experiences the shortest day of the year. winter begins in the northern hemisphere. summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere

A

December solstice

298
Q

the sun is directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of darkness. fall begins in the northern hemisphere. spiring begins in the southern hemisphere.

A

September equinox

299
Q

the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and experiences the longest day of the year. summer begins in the northern hemisphere. winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.

A

June solstice

300
Q

the sun reaches the greatest height in the sky at solar noon during the (summer/winter/fall/spring) solstice

A

summer solstice

301
Q

the earth is closest to the sun during which month

A

january

302
Q

draw a rain shadow diagram

A

see notes

303
Q

adiabatic heating

A

as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = warming

304
Q

as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = warming

A

adiabatic heating

305
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

as air rises in the atmosphere, its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling

306
Q

as air rises in the atmosphere, its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling

A

adiabatic cooling

307
Q

when air moving inland from the ocean that contains a large amount of water vapor meets the windward side of a mountain range, it rises and begins to experience ______

A

adiabatic cooling

308
Q

because water vapor condenses as air cools, clouds form and precipitation falls on the (windward/leeward) side

A

windward

309
Q

the cold, dry air then travels to the other side of the mountain range (leeward side), where it descends and experiences high pressures, which causes _______

A

adiabatic heating

310
Q

what are ocean currents driven by

A

driven by a combination of temperature, gravity density, prevailing winds, the coriolis effect, and the location of continents

311
Q

gyres

A

the patterns of water circulation. the ocean surface currents rotate in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere

312
Q

the patterns of water circulation. the ocean surface currents rotate in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere

A

gyres

313
Q

the ocean surface currents rotate in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) direction in the northern hemisphere

A

clockwise

314
Q

the ocean surface currents rotate in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) direction in the southern hemisphere

A

counterclockwise

315
Q

draw a picture of gyres in the northern & southern hemisphere

A

see notes

316
Q

as water moves towards the poles, it gets (warmer/colder), and has a (lower/higher) concentration of salt

A

colder, higher

317
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

318
Q

drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

A

thermohaline circulation

319
Q

draw ocean currents

A

see notes

320
Q

upwelling

A

as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away

321
Q

as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away

A

upwelling

322
Q

surface currents control ___% of ocean movement

A

10%

323
Q

deep water currents control ___% of ocean movement

A

90%

324
Q

why is thermohaline circulation important

A

crucial process for moving heat & nutrients across the globe

325
Q

some of the water that flows from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic ___________, and what is left behind

A

freezes or evaporates, salt is left behind

326
Q

draw a picture of a normal year vs an el Niño year

A

see notes

327
Q

el niño (ENSO)

A

every 3 to 7 years, the interaction of the earth’s atmosphere and ocean cause surface currents in the tropical pacific ocean to reverse direction

328
Q

el niño vs la niña

A

el niño –> warm phase of ENSO
la niña –> cold phase of ENSO

329
Q

el niño - trade winds are (weaker/stronger) than normal

A

weaker

330
Q

el niño - (less/more) upwelling of cold water in the east, so (less/more) nutrients for fish

A

less, less

331
Q

el niño - pushes rainfall where

A

further out to sea

332
Q

el niño - peru & southern US get (less/more) rainfall

A

more

333
Q

el niño - Australia & indonesia get (less/more) rainfall

A

less

334
Q

el niño - global temperatures (warmer/colder) than usual

A

warmer

Enviro (8 decks)

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