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Enviro > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotic

A

Living parts of the environment

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2
Q

Living parts of the environment

A

Biotic

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3
Q

Abiotic

A

Nonliving parts of the environment

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4
Q

Nonliving parts of the environment

A

Abiotic

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5
Q

Population

A

Includes members of the same species living in the same area, they can interbreed

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6
Q

Includes members of the same species living in the same area, they can interbreed

A

Population

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7
Q

Community

A

Refers to all the different populations in an area

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8
Q

Refers to all the different populations in an area

A

Community

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9
Q

Ecosystem

A

The community plus the nonliving factors and the interactions between the two

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10
Q

The community plus the nonliving factors and the interactions between the two

A

Ecosystem

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11
Q

Biome

A

A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat with characteristics precipitation and temperature

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12
Q

A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat with characteristics precipitation and temperature

A

Biome

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13
Q

Biosphere

A

Part of earth that holds life

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14
Q

Part of earth that holds life

A

Biosphere

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15
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions of organisms with other organisms and with the physical environment

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16
Q

The study of interactions of organisms with other organisms and with the physical environment

A

Ecology

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17
Q

Is energy an open or closed system, input & output

A

Open
Input: solar radiation
Output: heat, energy, reflected light

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18
Q

Is matter an open or closed system

A

Closed
Input: no (major) input
Output: no (major) output

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19
Q

Gaia hypothesis

A

All living and nonliving factors on earth are connected & the earth maintains its own homeostasis/equilibrium

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20
Q

Estuary

A

Place where salt and freshwater meet

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21
Q

Place where salt and freshwater meet

A

Estuary

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22
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

How different organisms interact and who benefits

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23
Q

How different organisms interact and who benefits

A

Symbiotic relationships

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24
Q

Mutualism

A

Relationships that benefits both organisms (both benefit + +)

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25
Q

Relationships that benefits both organisms (both benefit + +)

A

Mutualism

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26
Q

Commensalism

A

Relationship that benefits organism & doesn’t impact the other (one benefits, other neutral + 0)

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27
Q

Relationship that benefits organism & doesn’t impact the other (one benefits, other neutral + 0)

A

Commensalism

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28
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits, other harmed + -

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29
Q

Endoparasitism

A

Parasites living inside hosts

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30
Q

Parasites living inside hosts

A

Endoparasitism

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31
Q

Ectoparasitism

A

Parasites living outside hosts

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32
Q

Parasites living outside hosts

A

Ectoparasitism

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33
Q

Predation

A

One organism using another as an energy source (one benefits, other harmed + -)

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34
Q

One organism using another as an energy source (one benefits, other harmed + -)

A

Predation

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35
Q

Competition

A

Organisms fighting over a resource (both harmed - -)

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36
Q

Organisms fighting over a resource (both harmed - -)

A

Competition

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37
Q

Intraspecific

A

Between the same species

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38
Q

Interspecific

A

Between different species

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39
Q

Between the same species

A

Intraspecific

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40
Q

Between different species

A

Interspecific

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41
Q

Amensalism

A

Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

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42
Q

Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

A

Amensalism

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43
Q

Positive feedback

A

a product is amplified after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → makes more predators through reproduction

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44
Q

a product is amplified after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → makes more predators through reproduction

A

Positive feedback

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45
Q

Negative feedback

A

a product returns to normal after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → prey population falls → no food → decrease in predator population

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46
Q

a product returns to normal after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → prey population falls → no food → decrease in predator population

A

Negative feedback

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47
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species can occupy the same niche

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48
Q

no two species can occupy the same niche

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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49
Q

Niche

A

a certain way of life and typical behavior of a species

where it lives, how it builds a nest, when it mates, what it eats, how it hunts

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50
Q

a certain way of life and typical behavior of a species

where it lives, how it builds a nest, when it mates, what it eats, how it hunts

A

Niche

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51
Q

resource partitioning/niche partitioning

A

every species has their own needs which reduces competition

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52
Q

every species has their own needs which reduces competition

A

resource partitioning/niche partitioning

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53
Q

Keystone species

A

If you remove the species, the entire ecosystem will collapse

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54
Q

If you remove the species, the entire ecosystem will collapse

A

Keystone species

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55
Q

Native species

A

Those that normally live and thrive in a particular community

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56
Q

Those that normally live and thrive in a particular community

A

Native species

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57
Q

Non-native species

A

Those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced to a community

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58
Q

Those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced to a community

A

Non-native species

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59
Q

Indicator species

A

Species that serve as early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem & show how healthy an ecosystem is

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60
Q

Species that serve as early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem & show how healthy an ecosystem is

A

Indicator species

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61
Q

Umbrella species

A

species scientists target to conserve because we need it to protect other species

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62
Q

species scientists target to conserve because we need it to protect other species

A

Umbrella species

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63
Q

Green world hypothesis

A

predators keep hervivotes in check

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64
Q

Trophic cascades

A

predator controls distribution of animals

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65
Q

predator controls distribution of animals

A

Trophic cascades

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66
Q

4 effects of invasive species

A

alter the ecosystem
destroy forests and crops
reduce the beauty or use of the land
introduction of diseases & health risks

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67
Q

3 ways to control invasive species

A

chemical control (pesticides)
mechanical control (weapons)
biological control (bioengineering/bringing the predator species)

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68
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another

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69
Q

Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another

A

First law of thermodynamics

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70
Q

First law of thermodynamics in relation to ecology

A

When an organism needs biologically useable energy, it must cover it from an energy source such as the sun or food

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71
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

When energy is transferred, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

When one form of energy is transformed into another, some of that energy is converted into a less usable form of energy, such as heat

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72
Q

When energy is transferred, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

A

Second law of thermodynamics

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73
Q

Feedbacks

A

Adjustments in input rates caused by changes to a system

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74
Q

Adjustments in input rates caused by changes to a system

A

Feedbacks

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75
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

System responds to change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

Resists change

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76
Q

System responds to change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

A

Negative feedback loop

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77
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

A change in a system is amplified

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78
Q

Another word for producers

A

Autotrophs

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79
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that use the sun’s energy to produce useable forms of energy

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80
Q

Organisms that use the sun’s energy to produce useable forms of energy

A

Autotrophs

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81
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

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82
Q

The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

A

Photosynthesis

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83
Q

Glucose is a form of what type of energy

A

Potential

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84
Q

Photosynthesis process produces what as a byproduct

A

Oxygen

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85
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

Solar energy + 6H20 + 6CO2 —>
C6H12O6 + 6O2

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86
Q

What do producers use the glucose they produce for

A

To store energy and build structures such as leaves, stems, and roots

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87
Q

What do other organisms get when they eat producers

A

They gain energy from the chemical energy contained in plant tissue

Glucose

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88
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

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89
Q

The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

A

Cellular respiration

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90
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water

(Run photosynthesis backwards to recover the solar energy stored in glucose)

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91
Q

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water

(Run photosynthesis backwards to recover the solar energy stored in glucose)

A

Aerobic respiration

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92
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absense of oxygen
(Used by organisms such as bacteria living in the mud where oxygen is not available)
Energy + 6H20 + 6CO2 <—— C6H12O6 + 6O2

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93
Q

The process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absense of oxygen

A

Anaerobic respiration

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94
Q

Producers both produce and consume _____
and what are they called

A

Oxygen
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration

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95
Q

Do producers do cellular respiration

A

Yes

96
Q

Another name for consumers

A

Heterotrophs

97
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms

98
Q

An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

99
Q

Another name for Primary consumers

A

Herbivores

100
Q

Primary consumers

A

A consumer that eats producers

101
Q

A consumer that eats producers

A

Primary consumer/herbivore

102
Q

Carnivore

A

A consumer that eats other consumers

103
Q

A consumer that eats other consumers

A

Carnivore

104
Q

Secondary consumers

A

Carnivores that eat primary consumers

105
Q

Carnivores that eat primary consumers

A

Secondary consumers

106
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

Carnivores that eat secondary consumers

107
Q

Carnivores that eat secondary consumers

A

Tertiary consumers

108
Q

Trophic levels

A

The successive levels of organisms consuming one another

109
Q

The successive levels of organisms consuming one another

A

Trophic levels

110
Q

Food web

A

A complex model of how energy and matter move between Trophic levels

111
Q

A complex model of how energy and matter move between Trophic levels

A

Food web

112
Q

Scavengers

A

Organisms that consume dead animals

113
Q

Organisms that consume dead animals

A

Scavengers

114
Q

Detritivores

A

Organisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissue and waste products into smaller particles

115
Q

Organisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissue and waste products into smaller particles

A

Detritivores

116
Q

Decomposers

A

Fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

117
Q

Fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

A

Decomposers

118
Q

Gross primary product (GPP)

A

The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

(How much photosynthesis is occurring over a period of time)

119
Q

The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

A

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

120
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A

The energy captured minus the energy respired by producers

121
Q

The energy captured minus the energy respired by producers

A

Net primary productivity (NPP)

122
Q

Equation to find NPP

A

NPP = GPP - R

123
Q

What does the measurement of NPP allow us to determine

A

The productivity of different ecosystems and the change in an evosystem

124
Q

__% of solar energy striking producers is captured by photosynthesis

A

1%

125
Q

__% of solar energy is reflected or passes through producers without being absorbed

A

99%

126
Q

__% of GPP lost to respiration

A

60%

127
Q

__% of GPP supports the growth and reproduction of producers (NPP).

A

40%

128
Q

Biomass

A

The total mass of all living matter in a specific area

129
Q

The total mass of all living matter in a specific area

A

Biomass

130
Q

Standing crop

A

The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

131
Q

The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

A

Standing crop

132
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

133
Q

The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

A

Ecological efficiency

134
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

135
Q

of the total biomass available at a given trophic level, only about __% can be converted into energy at the next higher trophic level

A

10%

136
Q

Trophic pyramid

A

A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels

137
Q

A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels

A

Trophic pyramid

138
Q

Range of tolerance

A

The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate
(Extremes of temperatures, humanity, pH)

139
Q

The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate

A

Range of tolerance

140
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce

141
Q

The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce

A

Fundamental niche

142
Q

Realized niche

A

The range if abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species usually lives

143
Q

The range if abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species usually lives

A

Realized niche

144
Q

Distribution

A

Areas of the world in which a species lives

145
Q

Areas of the world in which a species lives

A

Distribution

146
Q

Niche generalists

A

A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions

147
Q

A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions

A

Niche generalists

148
Q

Niche specialists

A

A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat and to feed on a small group of species

149
Q

A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat and to feed on a small group of species

A

Niche specialists

150
Q

Are niche generalists or niche specialists more vulnerable to extinction

A

Niche specialists

151
Q

Mass extinction

A

Large numbers of species who went extinct over short periods of time

(There have been 5)

152
Q

Large numbers of species who went extinct over short periods of time

A

Mass extinction

153
Q

Levels of organization

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

154
Q

Population

A

The individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area are a particular time

155
Q

The individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area are a particular time

A

Population

156
Q

Community

A

All the populations of organisms within a given community

157
Q

All the populations of organisms within a given community

A

Community

158
Q

Population ecology

A

The study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

159
Q

The study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

A

Population ecology

160
Q

5 characteristics of populations

A

Size
Density
Distribution
Sex ratio
Age structure

161
Q

The total number if individuals within a defined area at a given time

A

Population size

162
Q

Population density

A

The number of individuals per unit area at a given time

163
Q

The number of individuals per unit area at a given time

A

Population density

164
Q

What is knowing the population density useful for

A

It can determine whether a population in a particular location is so dense that it might outstrip its food supply & its useful for hunting/fishing limits

165
Q

Population distribution

A

A description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

166
Q

A description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

A

Population distribution

167
Q

Uniform distributions

A

Evenly spaced distribution

168
Q

Evenly spaced distribution

A

Uniform distribution

169
Q

Clumped distributions
And how it benefits a population

A

Living in large groups together (provides enhanced feeding opportunities & protection from predators)

170
Q

Living in large groups together
(Distribution)

A

Clumped distribution

171
Q

How does knowing the sex ratio of a population help

A

Helps estimate the number of offspring a population will produce in the next generation

172
Q

Age structure

A

A description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population

173
Q

How does knowing the age structure of a population help

A

Helps predict how rapidly a population can grow

174
Q

Factors that influence population size can be classified as __________ or __________

A

Density dependent
Density independent

175
Q

Limiting resource
& example

A

A resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
(Food, water, nutrients)

176
Q

A resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

A

Limiting resource

177
Q

Density-dependent factors
& example

A

A factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population

(Ex. A smaller population requires less total food so food scarcity will have little effect on the survival of the individuals in small populations but will have a negative effect on a large population)

178
Q

A factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population

A

Density-dependent factors

179
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain

180
Q

The limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain

A

Carrying capacity

181
Q

Carrying capacity unit

A

(K)

182
Q

Density-independent factors
& example

A

A factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size
(Ex. Tornado, hurricanes, floods)

183
Q

A factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size

A

Density-independent factors

184
Q

Two factors that determine whether a species will persist in a location

A

Fundamental niche & interactions with other species

185
Q

Community ecology

A

The study of interactions between species

186
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

The relationship between two species that live in close association with each other
Competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory

187
Q

Four symbiotic relationships

A

Competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory

188
Q

The relationship between two species that live in close association with each other

A

Symbiotic relationships

189
Q

Competition

A

The struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource

190
Q

The struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource

A

Competition

191
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

The principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

192
Q

The principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

A

Competitive exclusion principle

193
Q

Resource partitioning

A

When two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology

194
Q

When two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology

A

Resource partitioning

195
Q

Temporal resource partitioning

A

When two species utilize the same resources but at different times

196
Q

When two species utilize the same resources but at different times

A

Temporal resource partitioning

197
Q

Two types of temporal resource partitioning

A

Spacial resource partitioning
Morphological resource partitioning

198
Q

Spacial resource partitioning

A

When two species reduce competition by using different habitats

199
Q

Morphological resource partitioning

A

Evolution of differences in body size/shape
(Beaks different shapes, one useful for crushing seeds, other for catching insects)

200
Q

Predation

A

An interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

201
Q

An interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

A

Predation

202
Q

Parasitoids

A

A specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms

203
Q

A specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms

A

Parasitoids

204
Q

Parasitism

A

An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism

205
Q

An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism

A

Parasitism

206
Q

Pathogens

A

A parasite that causes disease in its host

207
Q

A parasite that causes disease in its host

A

Pathogens

208
Q

Herbivory

A

An interaction in which an animal consumes a product

209
Q

An interaction in which an animal consumes a producer

A

Herbivory

210
Q

Mutualism

A

An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species

211
Q

An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species

A

Mutualism

212
Q

Commensalism

A

A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

213
Q

A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

A

Commensalism

214
Q

Keystone species
& example

A

Species that aren’t very abundant but have large effects on the ecological community
Ex. Beaver, starfish

215
Q

Species that aren’t very abundant but have large effects on the ecological community

A

Keystone species

216
Q

Ecosystem engineer

A

A keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species
Ex. Beaver

217
Q

A keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species

A

Ecosystem engineer

218
Q

Gaia hypothesis

A

All living and nonliving factors on Earth are connected
Self-regulating system which strives to maintain homeostasis

219
Q

Estuary

A

Place where salt and freshwater meet

220
Q

Place where salt and freshwater meet

A

Estuary

221
Q

Amensalism

A

Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

222
Q

Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

A

Amensalism

223
Q

Endoparasitism

A

Parasites that live in hosts

224
Q

Parasites that live in hosts

A

Endoparasitism

225
Q

Ectoparasitism

A

Parasites that live outside hosts

226
Q

Parasites that live outside hosts

A

Ectoparasitism

227
Q

Predator prey interactions what does the chart look like

A

Prey species increase in number followed by predator species. Then prey species declines, followed by predator species decline

228
Q

Positive feedback
& example

A

Product is amplified after events take place
Ex. Predator eats prey —> makes more predators through reproduction

229
Q

Negative feedback
& example

A

Product returns to normal after events take place
Ex. Predator eats prey —> prey population falls —> no food —> decrease in predator population

230
Q

Trophic cascade

A

When predators limit the density/behavior of prey and enhance the survival of the next lower trophic level

231
Q

When predators limit the density/behavior of prey and enhance the survival of the next lower trophic level

A

Trophic cascade

232
Q

GPP unit

A

Kcal/m2/yr

233
Q

What does a high primary productivity indicate

A

High plant growth = lots of food & shelter for animals
Usually more biodiversity

234
Q

Detritivores

A

Decomposers

235
Q

The theory was established by robert T

A

Keystone species theory

236
Q

If similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are

A

Partitioning resources

Enviro (8 decks)

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