Unit 1 Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
Biotic
A
Living parts of the environment
2
Q
Living parts of the environment
A
Biotic
3
Q
Abiotic
A
Nonliving parts of the environment
4
Q
Nonliving parts of the environment
A
Abiotic
5
Q
Population
A
Includes members of the same species living in the same area, they can interbreed
6
Q
Includes members of the same species living in the same area, they can interbreed
A
Population
7
Q
Community
A
Refers to all the different populations in an area
8
Q
Refers to all the different populations in an area
A
Community
9
Q
Ecosystem
A
The community plus the nonliving factors and the interactions between the two
10
Q
The community plus the nonliving factors and the interactions between the two
A
Ecosystem
11
Q
Biome
A
A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat with characteristics precipitation and temperature
12
Q
A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat with characteristics precipitation and temperature
A
Biome
13
Q
Biosphere
A
Part of earth that holds life
14
Q
Part of earth that holds life
A
Biosphere
15
Q
Ecology
A
The study of interactions of organisms with other organisms and with the physical environment
16
Q
The study of interactions of organisms with other organisms and with the physical environment
A
Ecology
17
Q
Is energy an open or closed system, input & output
A
Open
Input: solar radiation
Output: heat, energy, reflected light
18
Q
Is matter an open or closed system
A
Closed
Input: no (major) input
Output: no (major) output
19
Q
Gaia hypothesis
A
All living and nonliving factors on earth are connected & the earth maintains its own homeostasis/equilibrium
20
Q
Estuary
A
Place where salt and freshwater meet
21
Q
Place where salt and freshwater meet
A
Estuary
22
Q
Symbiotic relationships
A
How different organisms interact and who benefits
23
Q
How different organisms interact and who benefits
A
Symbiotic relationships
24
Q
Mutualism
A
Relationships that benefits both organisms (both benefit + +)
25
Relationships that benefits both organisms (both benefit + +)
Mutualism
26
Commensalism
Relationship that benefits organism & doesn’t impact the other (one benefits, other neutral + 0)
27
Relationship that benefits organism & doesn’t impact the other (one benefits, other neutral + 0)
Commensalism
28
Parasitism
One benefits, other harmed + -
29
Endoparasitism
Parasites living inside hosts
30
Parasites living inside hosts
Endoparasitism
31
Ectoparasitism
Parasites living outside hosts
32
Parasites living outside hosts
Ectoparasitism
33
Predation
One organism using another as an energy source (one benefits, other harmed + -)
34
One organism using another as an energy source (one benefits, other harmed + -)
Predation
35
Competition
Organisms fighting over a resource (both harmed - -)
36
Organisms fighting over a resource (both harmed - -)
Competition
37
Intraspecific
Between the same species
38
Interspecific
Between different species
39
Between the same species
Intraspecific
40
Between different species
Interspecific
41
Amensalism
Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
42
Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
Amensalism
43
Positive feedback
a product is amplified after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → makes more predators through reproduction
44
a product is amplified after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → makes more predators through reproduction
Positive feedback
45
Negative feedback
a product returns to normal after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → prey population falls → no food → decrease in predator population
46
a product returns to normal after events take place
ex. Predator eats prey → prey population falls → no food → decrease in predator population
Negative feedback
47
Competitive exclusion principle
no two species can occupy the same niche
48
no two species can occupy the same niche
Competitive exclusion principle
49
Niche
a certain way of life and typical behavior of a species
where it lives, how it builds a nest, when it mates, what it eats, how it hunts
50
a certain way of life and typical behavior of a species
where it lives, how it builds a nest, when it mates, what it eats, how it hunts
Niche
51
resource partitioning/niche partitioning
every species has their own needs which reduces competition
52
every species has their own needs which reduces competition
resource partitioning/niche partitioning
53
Keystone species
If you remove the species, the entire ecosystem will collapse
54
If you remove the species, the entire ecosystem will collapse
Keystone species
55
Native species
Those that normally live and thrive in a particular community
56
Those that normally live and thrive in a particular community
Native species
57
Non-native species
Those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced to a community
58
Those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced to a community
Non-native species
59
Indicator species
Species that serve as early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem & show how healthy an ecosystem is
60
Species that serve as early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem & show how healthy an ecosystem is
Indicator species
61
Umbrella species
species scientists target to conserve because we need it to protect other species
62
species scientists target to conserve because we need it to protect other species
Umbrella species
63
Green world hypothesis
predators keep hervivotes in check
64
Trophic cascades
predator controls distribution of animals
65
predator controls distribution of animals
Trophic cascades
66
4 effects of invasive species
alter the ecosystem
destroy forests and crops
reduce the beauty or use of the land
introduction of diseases & health risks
67
3 ways to control invasive species
chemical control (pesticides)
mechanical control (weapons)
biological control (bioengineering/bringing the predator species)
68
First law of thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another
69
Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another
First law of thermodynamics
70
First law of thermodynamics in relation to ecology
When an organism needs biologically useable energy, it must cover it from an energy source such as the sun or food
71
Second law of thermodynamics
When energy is transferred, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
When one form of energy is transformed into another, some of that energy is converted into a less usable form of energy, such as heat
72
When energy is transferred, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
Second law of thermodynamics
73
Feedbacks
Adjustments in input rates caused by changes to a system
74
Adjustments in input rates caused by changes to a system
Feedbacks
75
Negative feedback loop
System responds to change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring
Resists change
76
System responds to change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring
Negative feedback loop
77
Positive feedback loop
A change in a system is amplified
78
Another word for producers
Autotrophs
79
Autotrophs
Organisms that use the sun’s energy to produce useable forms of energy
80
Organisms that use the sun’s energy to produce useable forms of energy
Autotrophs
81
Photosynthesis
The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose
82
The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose
Photosynthesis
83
Glucose is a form of what type of energy
Potential
84
Photosynthesis process produces what as a byproduct
Oxygen
85
Photosynthesis formula
Solar energy + 6H20 + 6CO2 —>
C6H12O6 + 6O2
86
What do producers use the glucose they produce for
To store energy and build structures such as leaves, stems, and roots
87
What do other organisms get when they eat producers
They gain energy from the chemical energy contained in plant tissue
Glucose
88
Cellular respiration
The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds
89
The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds
Cellular respiration
90
Aerobic respiration
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water
(Run photosynthesis backwards to recover the solar energy stored in glucose)
91
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water
(Run photosynthesis backwards to recover the solar energy stored in glucose)
Aerobic respiration
92
Anaerobic respiration
The process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absense of oxygen
(Used by organisms such as bacteria living in the mud where oxygen is not available)
Energy + 6H20 + 6CO2 <—— C6H12O6 + 6O2
93
The process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absense of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
94
Producers both produce and consume _____
and what are they called
Oxygen
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
95
Do producers do cellular respiration
Yes
96
Another name for consumers
Heterotrophs
97
Heterotrophs
An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms
98
An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms
Heterotrophs
99
Another name for Primary consumers
Herbivores
100
Primary consumers
A consumer that eats producers
101
A consumer that eats producers
Primary consumer/herbivore
102
Carnivore
A consumer that eats other consumers
103
A consumer that eats other consumers
Carnivore
104
Secondary consumers
Carnivores that eat primary consumers
105
Carnivores that eat primary consumers
Secondary consumers
106
Tertiary consumers
Carnivores that eat secondary consumers
107
Carnivores that eat secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
108
Trophic levels
The successive levels of organisms consuming one another
109
The successive levels of organisms consuming one another
Trophic levels
110
Food web
A complex model of how energy and matter move between Trophic levels
111
A complex model of how energy and matter move between Trophic levels
Food web
112
Scavengers
Organisms that consume dead animals
113
Organisms that consume dead animals
Scavengers
114
Detritivores
Organisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissue and waste products into smaller particles
115
Organisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissue and waste products into smaller particles
Detritivores
116
Decomposers
Fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem
117
Fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem
Decomposers
118
Gross primary product (GPP)
The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time
(How much photosynthesis is occurring over a period of time)
119
The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
120
Net primary productivity (NPP)
The energy captured minus the energy respired by producers
121
The energy captured minus the energy respired by producers
Net primary productivity (NPP)
122
Equation to find NPP
NPP = GPP - R
123
What does the measurement of NPP allow us to determine
The productivity of different ecosystems and the change in an evosystem
124
__% of solar energy striking producers is captured by photosynthesis
1%
125
__% of solar energy is reflected or passes through producers without being absorbed
99%
126
__% of GPP lost to respiration
60%
127
__% of GPP supports the growth and reproduction of producers (NPP).
40%
128
Biomass
The total mass of all living matter in a specific area
129
The total mass of all living matter in a specific area
Biomass
130
Standing crop
The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time
131
The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time
Standing crop
132
Ecological efficiency
The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another
133
The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another
Ecological efficiency
134
Ecological efficiency
The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another
135
of the total biomass available at a given trophic level, only about __% can be converted into energy at the next higher trophic level
10%
136
Trophic pyramid
A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels
137
A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels
Trophic pyramid
138
Range of tolerance
The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate
(Extremes of temperatures, humanity, pH)
139
The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate
Range of tolerance
140
Fundamental niche
The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce
141
The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce
Fundamental niche
142
Realized niche
The range if abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species usually lives
143
The range if abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species usually lives
Realized niche
144
Distribution
Areas of the world in which a species lives
145
Areas of the world in which a species lives
Distribution
146
Niche generalists
A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions
147
A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions
Niche generalists
148
Niche specialists
A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat and to feed on a small group of species
149
A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat and to feed on a small group of species
Niche specialists
150
Are niche generalists or niche specialists more vulnerable to extinction
Niche specialists
151
Mass extinction
Large numbers of species who went extinct over short periods of time
(There have been 5)
152
Large numbers of species who went extinct over short periods of time
Mass extinction
153
Levels of organization
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
154
Population
The individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area are a particular time
155
The individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area are a particular time
Population
156
Community
All the populations of organisms within a given community
157
All the populations of organisms within a given community
Community
158
Population ecology
The study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease
159
The study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease
Population ecology
160
5 characteristics of populations
Size
Density
Distribution
Sex ratio
Age structure
161
The total number if individuals within a defined area at a given time
Population size
162
Population density
The number of individuals per unit area at a given time
163
The number of individuals per unit area at a given time
Population density
164
What is knowing the population density useful for
It can determine whether a population in a particular location is so dense that it might outstrip its food supply & its useful for hunting/fishing limits
165
Population distribution
A description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
166
A description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
Population distribution
167
Uniform distributions
Evenly spaced distribution
168
Evenly spaced distribution
Uniform distribution
169
Clumped distributions
And how it benefits a population
Living in large groups together (provides enhanced feeding opportunities & protection from predators)
170
Living in large groups together
(Distribution)
Clumped distribution
171
How does knowing the sex ratio of a population help
Helps estimate the number of offspring a population will produce in the next generation
172
Age structure
A description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population
173
How does knowing the age structure of a population help
Helps predict how rapidly a population can grow
174
Factors that influence population size can be classified as __________ or __________
Density dependent
Density independent
175
Limiting resource
& example
A resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
(Food, water, nutrients)
176
A resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
Limiting resource
177
Density-dependent factors
& example
A factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population
(Ex. A smaller population requires less total food so food scarcity will have little effect on the survival of the individuals in small populations but will have a negative effect on a large population)
178
A factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population
Density-dependent factors
179
Carrying capacity
The limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain
180
The limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain
Carrying capacity
181
Carrying capacity unit
(K)
182
Density-independent factors
& example
A factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size
(Ex. Tornado, hurricanes, floods)
183
A factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size
Density-independent factors
184
Two factors that determine whether a species will persist in a location
Fundamental niche & interactions with other species
185
Community ecology
The study of interactions between species
186
Symbiotic relationships
The relationship between two species that live in close association with each other
Competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory
187
Four symbiotic relationships
Competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory
188
The relationship between two species that live in close association with each other
Symbiotic relationships
189
Competition
The struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource
190
The struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource
Competition
191
Competitive exclusion principle
The principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist
192
The principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist
Competitive exclusion principle
193
Resource partitioning
When two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology
194
When two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology
Resource partitioning
195
Temporal resource partitioning
When two species utilize the same resources but at different times
196
When two species utilize the same resources but at different times
Temporal resource partitioning
197
Two types of temporal resource partitioning
Spacial resource partitioning
Morphological resource partitioning
198
Spacial resource partitioning
When two species reduce competition by using different habitats
199
Morphological resource partitioning
Evolution of differences in body size/shape
(Beaks different shapes, one useful for crushing seeds, other for catching insects)
200
Predation
An interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal
201
An interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal
Predation
202
Parasitoids
A specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms
203
A specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms
Parasitoids
204
Parasitism
An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism
205
An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism
Parasitism
206
Pathogens
A parasite that causes disease in its host
207
A parasite that causes disease in its host
Pathogens
208
Herbivory
An interaction in which an animal consumes a product
209
An interaction in which an animal consumes a producer
Herbivory
210
Mutualism
An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species
211
An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species
Mutualism
212
Commensalism
A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped
213
A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped
Commensalism
214
Keystone species
& example
Species that aren’t very abundant but have large effects on the ecological community
Ex. Beaver, starfish
215
Species that aren’t very abundant but have large effects on the ecological community
Keystone species
216
Ecosystem engineer
A keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species
Ex. Beaver
217
A keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species
Ecosystem engineer
218
Gaia hypothesis
All living and nonliving factors on Earth are connected
Self-regulating system which strives to maintain homeostasis
219
Estuary
Place where salt and freshwater meet
220
Place where salt and freshwater meet
Estuary
221
Amensalism
Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
222
Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
Amensalism
223
Endoparasitism
Parasites that live in hosts
224
Parasites that live in hosts
Endoparasitism
225
Ectoparasitism
Parasites that live outside hosts
226
Parasites that live outside hosts
Ectoparasitism
227
Predator prey interactions what does the chart look like
Prey species increase in number followed by predator species. Then prey species declines, followed by predator species decline
228
Positive feedback
& example
Product is amplified after events take place
Ex. Predator eats prey —> makes more predators through reproduction
229
Negative feedback
& example
Product returns to normal after events take place
Ex. Predator eats prey —> prey population falls —> no food —> decrease in predator population
230
Trophic cascade
When predators limit the density/behavior of prey and enhance the survival of the next lower trophic level
231
When predators limit the density/behavior of prey and enhance the survival of the next lower trophic level
Trophic cascade
232
GPP unit
Kcal/m2/yr
233
What does a high primary productivity indicate
High plant growth = lots of food & shelter for animals
Usually more biodiversity
234
Detritivores
Decomposers
235
The theory was established by robert T
Keystone species theory
236
If similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are
Partitioning resources
