Unit 3 Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
4 characteristics of aquatic biomes
A
Salinity
Flow
Depth/light
Temperature
2
Q
Salinity
A
The amount of dissolved salt in the water
3
Q
The amount of dissolved salt in the water
A
Salinity
4
Q
How is high salinity water formed
A
When rainwater dissolves rocks, releasing minerals into the ocean
5
Q
Higher salinity is (more/less) dense
A
More
6
Q
Temperature measures ..
A
The average kinetic energy of water molecules
7
Q
The average kinetic energy of water molecules
A
Temperature
8
Q
Availability of light in oceans decreases when …
A
With water depth
You go deeper
9
Q
Dissolved oxygen
A
The amount of oxygen gas per mL of water
10
Q
The amount of oxygen gas per mL of water
A
Dissolved oxygen
11
Q
Where is dissolved oxygen the highest
A
Highest in cold, turbulent water
12
Q
Where is dissolved oxygen the lowest
A
Lowest in warm, slow water
13
Q
Ocean nutrients
A
Nitrates and phosphates that runoff from land
14
Q
Nitrates and phosphates that runoff from land
A
Ocean nutrients
15
Q
What are ocean nutrients needed for
A
Algae growth
16
Q
Turbidity
A
Measures water cloudiness, and also increases with soil runoff
17
Q
Measures water cloudiness, and also increases with soil runoff
A
Turbidity
18
Q
Four aquatic organisms
A
Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
Decomposers
19
Q
Plankton
A
Organisms that float with the current
20
Q
Organisms that float with the current
A
Plankton
21
Q
Nekton
A
Large, independent swimmers
22
Q
Large, independent swimmers
A
Nekton
23
Q
Benthos
A
Bottom-dwellers
Many do not move
24
Q
Bottom-dwellers
Many do not move
A
Benthos
25
Decomposers
Break down dead organisms and waste, cycling nutrients back into the water
26
Break down dead organisms and waste, cycling nutrients back into the water
Decomposers
27
Depth/light of aquatic biomes influences …
Influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis
28
Influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis
Depth/light
29
Flow of aquatic biomes determines …
Determines which plants & organisms can survive and how much O2 can dissolve into water
30
Determines which plants & organisms can survive and how much O2 can dissolve into water
Flow
31
Freshwater ecosystems
Rivers, ponds, and lakes with low salinity
32
Rivers, ponds, and lakes with low salinity
Freshwater ecosystems
33
Where is most of earth’s water located
(3 places)
Oceans
Glaciers & ice caps
Lakes
34
Where is the second most amount of earth’s water located?
Groundwater
35
Littoral zone
& conditions
Zone in lakes & ponds nearest the shore
warm, shallow, sunlit waters
36
Zone in lakes & ponds nearest the shore
warm, shallow, sunlit waters
Littoral zone
37
Waters are (warm/cold) in the littoral zone
Warm
38
Waters are (shallow/deep) in the littoral zone
Shallow
39
Emergent plants
Root at the bottom of the lake/pond and pass through the water surface
40
Root at the bottom of the lake/pond and pass through the water surface
Emergent plants
41
Limnetic zone
Zone in a lake/pond with open water area too deep for emergent plants
42
Zone in a lake/pond with open water area too deep for emergent plants
Limnetic zone
43
Profundal zone
Aphotic zone, deep, dark, and cold. Does not support phytoplankton
44
Does the profundal zone support phytoplankton
No
45
Aphotic zone, deep, dark, and cold. Does not support phytoplankton
Profundal zone
46
The profundal zone is (shallow/deep)
Deep
47
The profundal zone is (light/dark)
Dark
48
The profundal zone is (warm/cold)
Cold
49
Benthic zone
Along the bottom of a lake/pond
50
Along the bottom of a lake/pond
Benthic zone
51
Photic zone
Warm and sunlit, supports phytoplankton
52
Does the photic zone support phytoplankton
Yes
53
The photic zone is (warm/cold)
Warm
54
The photic zone is (sunlit/not sunlit)
Sunlit
55
The profundal zone is (sunlit/not sunlit)
Not sunlit
56
Draw a lake/pond with their zones
Littoral zone. Limnetic zone (photic)
Profundal zone (aphotic)
Benthic zone
57
Oligotrophic lakes
Lakes that have water with very low turbidity. Low nutrient levels with limits algae growth
58
Lakes that have water with very low turbidity. Low nutrient levels
Oligotrophic lakes
59
Low nutrient levels in lakes limits…
Algae growth
60
Mesotrophic lakes
Lakes with medium nutrient levels (NPK)
61
Lanes with medium nutrient levels (NPK)
Mesotrophic lakes
62
Eutrophic lakes
Have water with high turbidity due to high nutrient levels and excessive algae growth
63
Have water with high turbidity due to high nutrient levels and excessive algae growth
Eutrophic lakes
64
Streams
Narrow channels that carry runoff water towards rivers
65
Narrow channels that carry runoff water towards rivers
Streams
66
Headwaters
Start of a river source (runoff)
67
Start of a river source (runoff)
Headwaters
68
Headwaters
Level of dissolved oxygen (high/low)
Nutrient level (high/low)
Water temperatures
Turbidity (high/low)
Salinity levels
High dissolved oxygen
Low nutrients
Cold water temperatures
Low turbidity
No salinity
69
Transition zone of a river
Widens and deepens
70
Transition zone
(Warmer/colder) than headwaters, (decreased/increased) dissolved oxygen from headwaters, (decreased/increased) nutrient levels from headwaters
Warmer
Decreased dissolved oxygen levels
Increased nutrient levels
71
Floodplains are within the ______ zone
Transition zone
72
Floodplains
Plains that regularly flood
73
Floods deposit __________ dissolved from upstream, increasing __________
Soil sediments
Soil nutrient levels
74
Flood plains are (fertile/infertile)
Fertile
75
Mouth of a river
Where the river enters the ocean
76
Where the river enters the ocean
The mouth
77
The mouth
Level of dissolved oxygen (high/low)
Nutrient level (high/low)
Water temperatures
Turbidity (high/low)
Salinity levels
Low dissolved oxygen
High nutrients
Warm water temperatures
High turbidity
Moderate salinity
78
Wetlands
Areas containing soils that are usually waterlogged (completely saturated in water for half of the year)
Soil tends to be oxygen poor due to the lack of air exposure
79
Areas containing soils that are usually waterlogged
Wetlands
80
Waterlogged
Completely saturated in water for half of the year
81
Completely saturated in water for half of the year
Waterlogged
82
Wetland soil oxygen levels & why
Poor due to the lack of air exposure
83
Marshes
low-lying treeless areas
84
Swamps
Low-lying wetlands dominated by trees
85
low-lying treeless areas
Marshes
86
Low-lying wetlands dominated by trees
Swamps
87
Bogs
Floating mats of plant matter that living plants grow on
Slow rates of decomposition result in nutrient-poor water
88
Floating mats of plant matter that living plants grow on
Bogs
89
Rate of decomposition in nutrient- poor water
(High/low)
Slow rates
90
Mosses found in bogs secrete acid that …
Lowers the pH of the water, slowing down decomposition significantly
91
3 types of wetland organisms
Floating
Carnivorous
Emergent
92
Carnivorous plants
Capture & digest insects to increase nitrogen & phosphorus absorption
93
Capture & digest insects to increase nitrogen & phosphorus absorption
Carnivorous plants
94
Estuaries
Partially-enclosed bodies of water where fresh water mixed with salty sea water
95
Partially-enclosed bodies of water where fresh water mixed with salty sea water
Estuaries
96
Coastal lagoons
Saltwater pools that are separated from the ocean by sandbanks or coral reefs
97
Saltwater pools that are separated from the ocean by sandbanks or coral reefs
Coastal lagoons
98
Tidal flats
Wetland areas that are continually covered and uncovered by the tides
99
Wetland areas that are continually covered and uncovered by the tides
Tidal flats
100
Deltas
Landforms at river mouths formed by deposited sediment
101
Landforms at river mouths formed by deposited sediment
Deltas
102
As rivers reach the ocean, their current (slows down/speeds up)
Slows
103
Slow-moving waters (can/cannot) carry as much sediment
Cannot
104
Where is sediment deposited from the river
At the shallow ocean shore
105
Eventually, the sediment expands the coastline and forms _____
Landmasses
106
Salt marshes
Tidal flats dominated by herbs and grasses
107
Tidal flats dominated by herbs and grasses
Salt marshes
108
Seagrass beds
Contain submerged plants that resemble grass
109
Contain submerged plants that resemble grass
Seagrass beds
110
Mangrove forest
Have trees with roots that can filter salt
111
Have trees with roots that can filter salt
Mangrove forests
112
Photic zone of oceans
Contains sunlight (enough to perform photosynthesis in the topmost layer)
113
Ocean layer
Contains sunlight (enough to perform photosynthesis in the topmost layer)
Photic zone
114
Aphotic zone of the ocean
Has no sunlight at all
115
Bioluminescent
Species that can produce & emit light
116
Species that can produce & emit light
Bioluminescent
117
Which layer of the ocean do most bioluminescent species live
Aphotic zone
118
Abyssal plain
Recieves no light, and all food webs are based around scavenging and decomposition
119
Recieves no light, and all food webs are based around scavenging and decomposition (ocean)
Abyssal plain
120
Marine snow
Constant flow of detritus (waste/debris) that abyssal plains receive
121
Constant flow of detritus (waste/debris) that abyssal plains receive
Marine snow
122
Hydrothermal vents
Fissures in the abyssal plain where heated water and minerals are released
123
Fissures in the abyssal plain where heated water and minerals are released
Hydrothermal vents
124
Organisms that can generate food from chemicals from hydrothermal vents perform
Chemosynthesis
125
Intertidal zone
Alternates from submerges during high tide or dry during low tide
126
Alternates from submerges during high tide or dry during low tide
Intertidal zone
127
What are tides a result from
The gravitational pull of the sun and moon
128
What happens during spring tides
The sun and moon’s gravity align, creating the greatest tidal range
129
What happens during neap tides
The sun and moon’s gravity are perpendicular, resulting in the smallest tidal range
130
The sun and moon’s gravity are perpendicular, resulting in the smallest tidal range
Neap tides
131
The sun and moon’s gravity align, creating the greatest tidal range
Spring tides
132
Tidal range
The vertical difference between high and low tide
133
The vertical difference between high and low tide
Tidal range
134
Rocky shores
Substrate & erosion
Substrate is hard & stable
Erosion is slow
135
Sandy shores
Substrate & erosion
Substrate is shifting and unstable
Erosion is rapid
136
Zone that contains 90% of the ocean’s biodiversity
Coastal zone
137
Coral reefs
Ecosystems built on the exoskeletons of coral polyps
Found mostly in warm, shallow, sunlit waters
138
Ecosystems built on the exoskeletons of coral polyps
Found mostly in warm, shallow, sunlit waters
Coral reefs
139
Coral is a symbiotic relationship between which two organisms
Polyps - build the calcium carbonate exoskeleton
Algae - photosynthesize most of the coral’s food
140
Calcium carbonate does what
Its an important sink in the carbon cycle
Helps maintain ocean pH
141
What is coral exoskeleton made out of
Calcium carbonate
142
Biogeography
The study of distribution of species
143
The study of distribution of species
Biogeography
144
Evolution in 4 steps
1 variations exist in populations
2 inheritance of traits
3 differential survival and reproduction
4 adaptation - more individuals will have that favorable trait
145
VIDA
1 variations exist in populations
2 inheritance of traits
3 differential survival and reproduction
4 adaptation - more individuals will have that favorable trait
146
Decent with modification
Each generation will have more individuals with those traits than the previous generation
147
Evolution
The change in allele frequencies/gene pool of a population
148
The change in allele frequencies/gene pool of a population
Evolution
149
Organisms fitness
Measures an organism’s reproductive success
150
Ecosystem diversity
The variety of ecosystems within a given region
151
Species diversity
The variety of species in a given ecosystem
152
Genetic diversity
The variety of genes within a given species
153
Species richness
The number of species in a given area
154
The number of species in a given area
Species richness
155
Species evenness
The measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals
156
The measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals
Species evenness
157
Darwin’s finches are most famously an example of what
Adaptive radiation
158
Evolution by artifical selection
When humans determine which individuals breed
159
When humans determine which individuals breed
Artificial selection
160
Evolution by natural selection
The environment determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce
161
The environment determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
162
Microevolution
Evolution below the species level
163
Evolution below the species level
Microevolution
164
Macroevolution
Evolution which gives rise to new species or new genera, family, class, or phyla
165
Evolution which gives rise to new species or new genera, family, class, or phyla
Macroevolution
166
Microevolution studies (small/large) changes in alleles that occur within a population
Small
167
Gene pool
Total of all the allele in the population
168
Total of all the allele in the population
Gene pool
169
Alleles
Chromosome sections that code for specific proteins traits
170
Chromosome sections that code for specific proteins traits
Alleles
171
Industrial melanism
As the environment changes color/becomes darker, more darker alleles will be present in the organisms population
172
As the environment changes color/becomes darker, more darker alleles will be present in the organisms population
Industrial melanism
173
Causes of microevolution
1. Genetic mutations
2. Gene flow
3. Nonrandom mating
4. Genetic drift
174
Polymorphism
Two or more distinct phenotypes
Blood types, eye color
175
Relative fitness
Some mutations may at first appear harmful, but give an advantage if the environment changes
176
Some mutations may at first appear harmful, but give an advantage if the environment changes
Relative fitness
177
Gene flow in terms of evolution
Movement of alleles among populations increases variation
Can prevent speciation from occurring
Can create subspecies
178
Speciation
The splitting of one species into two or more species
179
Nonrandom mating
Individuals choose their mates
180
Assortative mating
Occurs when individuals mate with those that have the same phenotype
181
Occurs when individuals mate with those that have the same phenotype
Assortative mating
182
Sexual selection
Occurs when males compete for the right to reproduce and the female selects males of a particular phenotype
183
Occurs when males compete for the right to reproduce and the female selects males of a particular phenotype
Sexual selection
184
Sexual dimorphism
When makes and females of a species look different
185
When makes and females of a species look different
Sexual dimorphism
186
Kin selection
The evolution strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even at a cost to the organism’s own survival and reproduction
(Weighs the success of its relatives greater than its own success)
altruism
187
The evolution strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even at a cost to the organism’s own survival and reproduction
Kin selection/altruism
188
Genetic drift
Changes in allele frequencies due to chance
189
Changes in allele frequencies due to chance
Genetic drift
190
Bottleneck effect
Caused by a severe reduction in population, reduces overall diversity
191
Caused by a severe reduction in population, reduces overall diversity
Bottleneck effect
192
Founder effect
Example of genetic drift where rare alleles or comhinations occur in higher frequency in a populaton isolated from the general population
(Ex. Dwarfism in amish communities)
193
Example of genetic drift where rare alleles or comhinations occur in higher frequency in a populaton isolated from the general population
Founder effect
194
Two types of genetic drift
1. Bottleneck effect
2. Founder effect
195
The splitting of one species into two or more species
Speciation
196
Flycatcher species
All live in similar areas yet remain distinct species
197
Adaptive radiation
One ancestral species branches into many, each occupying a different NICHE
198
One ancestral species branches into many, each occupying a different NICHE
Adaptive radiation
199
5 types of reproductive isolation
Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation
200
Habitat isolation
Living in different places
201
Temporal isolation
Breeding at different times
202
Behavioral isolation
Mating, courtship behaviors
203
Mechanical & gamete isolation
Anatomy & egg/sperm problems
204
Allopatric speciation
Populations separated geographically
205
Populations separated geographically
Allopatric speciation
206
Sympatric speciation
When members of a population develop differences without geographic isolation
207
When members of a population develop differences without geographic isolation
Sympatric speciation
208
Gradual speciation
Slow change, small steps
209
Speciation with slow change & small steps
Gradual speciation
210
Speciation with rapid change due to a major environmental disruption
Punctuated equilibrium
211
Punctuated equilibrium
Speciation with rapid change due to a major environmental disruption
212
Periodic
Examples
Dry-wet seasons
213
Episodic
examples
Hurricanes, droughts, fires
214
Random
Examples
Volcanoes, earthquakes, asteroids
215
primary succession
Soil/community is formed (volcano)
216
Soil/community is formed (volcano)
Primary succession
217
Secondary succession
Community previously established, destroyed, then rebuilt
218
Community previously established, destroyed, then rebuilt
Secondary succession
219
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels
220
Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
221
Provisioning
Goods taken directly from ecosystems of made from natural resources (wood, paper, food)
222
Goods taken directly from ecosystems of made from natural resources (wood, paper, food)
Provisioning
223
regulating
Natural ecosystems regulate climate/air quality, reducing damage and healthcare costs
224
Natural ecosystems regulate climate/air quality, reducing damage and healthcare costs
Regulating
225
Supporting
Natural ecosystems support processes we do ourselves, making them cheaper and easier (bees pollinate crops)
226
Natural ecosystems support processes we do ourselves, making them cheaper and easier (bees pollinate crops)
Supporting
227
Cultural
Money generate by recreation (Parks, camping, tours) or scientific knowledge
228
Money generate by recreation (Parks, camping, tours) or scientific knowledge
Cultural
229
Examples of provisioning ecosystem services
Fish
hunting animals
lumber
naturally grown foods, like berries, seeds, wild grains, honey
paper
medicine
rubber
230
Examples of regulating ecosystem services
Trees in a forest store, CO2
trees filter air pollutants
231
Examples for supporting ecosystem services
Wetland plant roots filter pollutants for groundwater
bees and insects pollinate our crops
232
Cultural examples of cultural ecosystem services
Landscapes
fisherman paying for fishing licenses
scientists learning about plant compounds
