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Parasitology Lab > apicomlexa > Flashcards

apicomlexa Flashcards

(125 cards)

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1
Q

Golden standard for identification of malarial species

A

Thin smears

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2
Q

Gloden standard for quantification of malarial species

A

Thick smears

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3
Q

Why is it called Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Apical Complex

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4
Q

Mode of reproduction of plasmodium

A

Alternating sexual and asexual stage

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5
Q

Reproductive stage of plasmodium that happends inside humans

A

Asexual stage

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6
Q

Intermediate host of plasmodium

A

Humans

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7
Q

Habitat of Anopheles mosquitoes

A

Free flowing shady streams (oxigenated water)

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7
Q

Where does the sexual stage plasmodium happens?

A

Female Anopheles Mosquito

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8
Q

Plasmodium species with Sylvatic Cycle (transmission from monkey)

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction of Plasmodium

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

Infective stage to Intermediate host of Plasmodium

A

Sporozoites

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11
Q

Infective stage to Definitive host of Plasmodium

A

Gametocytes

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12
Q

Where can you find Plasmodium sporozoites

A

Salivary glands of mosquitoes

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13
Q

Reprodution of Gametocytes happens where?

A

Inside mosquito

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14
Q

Final host of Plasmodium

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

Maturation of gametocytes happpens where?

A

Inside man

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16
Q

Habitat of plasmodium in man

A
  • Liver
  • RBCs
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17
Q

Habitat of Plasmodium in mosquitoes

A

Digestive tract

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18
Q

Where does Plasmodium sleep in men?

A

Liver

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19
Q

Where does Plasmodium actively reproduce asexualy in men?

A

RBCs

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20
Q

MOT of Plasmodium

A
  • Vector Borne (bite from female anopheles
  • Blood transfution
  • Transplacental
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21
Q

Ability to cross the placenta to get to the fetus

A

Transplacental

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22
Q

Two types of Reproduction of plasmodium inside humans

A
  • Erythrocytic Schizogony
  • Exoerythrocytic Merogony
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23
Q

Reproduction of Plasmodium that happens inside RBCs

A

Erythrocytic Schizogony

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24
Reproduction of Plasmodium that happens inside the liver
Exoerythrocytic Merogony
25
Female Plasmodium
Macrogametocyte
26
Male Plasmodium
Microgametocyte
27
Zygote of Plasmodium
Ookinete
28
Reproduction phases happening inside mosquito
- Gametogony (sexual) - Sporogony (asexual)
28
Where can you find the oocyst of plasmodium?
Stomach wall of mosquito
29
Sleeping stage of plasmodium
Hypnozoite
30
Stage of plasmodium that penetrates the RBC
Merozoites
31
Feeding stage of Plasmodium
Ring Form Trophozoite
32
What does Ring Form Trophozoite eat
Contents of RBCs
33
Dividing form of Plasmodium in Humans
Meront
34
Cause of Fever in malaria
Lysing of RBCs
35
Merozoites can tranform into ___________ and ____________
- Macrogametocytes - Microgametocytes
36
Plasmodium stages seen in RBCs (Diagnostic Stages)
- Merozoites (rare) - Ring-form trophozoites - Growing trophozoites - Macrogametocytes - Microgametocytes
37
Plasmodium species with more variety RBC infecting stages seen
Plasmodium falcifarum
38
Plasmodium species that has preponderance in younger RBCs
- Plasmodium vivax - Plasmodium ovale
39
Plasmodium species that has preponderance in older RBCs
Plasmodium malariae
40
Plasmodium species that has preponderance in both younger and older RBCs
Pasmodium falciparum
41
Delicate small ring forms | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms
42
May have 2 chromatin dots | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms
43
Multiple ring forms within a single RBC | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms
44
Marginal forms (Accole/Applique) | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms
45
Not commonly seen | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Developing Trophozoites
46
Rarely seen, except in severe cases | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falciparum Schizonts
47
May contain 8-36 Merozoites | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Schizonts
48
Microgametocytes and Macrogametocytes | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Gametocytes
49
Shape of Plasmodium falcifarum Microgametocytes | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Sausage shaped
50
Shape of Plasmodium falcifarum Macrogametocyte | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Cresent shaped
51
Chromatin of Plasmodium falcifarum Macrogametocyte | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Compact
52
Chromatin of Plasmodium falcifarum Microgametocyte | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Diffuse
53
Maurer's Clefts | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings
54
Usually seen in older ring form trophozoites, and asexual stages | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings
55
Resembles Schuffer's dots, but are usually larger, and more coarser | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings
56
Product of Plasmodium metabolism | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings
57
Smaller rings (Approx. 1/8 of cell) | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Ring forms
58
Heavy chromatin dot (Birds eye appearance) | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Ring forms
58
Band-shaped Trophozoites | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Developing Trophozoites
59
Basket forms may be seen | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Developing Trophozoites
60
6-12 (8) merozoites | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Schizonts
61
Rossete or Fruit pie appearance | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Schizonts
62
Gametocytes smaller than P.vivax | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium malariae Gametocytes
63
Ring 1/3 diameter of RBC | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium vivax Ring Forms
64
Heavy chromatin dot | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium vivax Ring Forms
65
Signet ring appearance | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium vivax Ring Forms
66
Ameboid (Bizzare-looking, irregular shaped) | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium vivax Developing Trophozoites
67
Schuffner's dots (Eosinophilic) | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium vivax Developing Trophozoites
68
12-24 merozoites | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium vivax schizonts
69
Shape of Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Round
70
Plasmodium vivax Microgametocyte chromatin | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
- Large - Pink to purple - surrounded by pale halo
71
Plasmodium vivax Macrogametocyte chromatin | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Eccentric
72
Larger rings similar to P.vivax | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium ovale Ring Forms
73
Ring-shaped; non- ameboid; Similar to P. vivax | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium ovale Developing Trophozoites
74
Note of the Fimbriation, and Schuffner's dots | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium ovale Developing Trophozoites
75
4-12 (8) merozoites | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium ovale Schizonts
76
smaller than P. vivax Gametocytes | Plasmodium seen in RBCs
Plasmodium ovale Gametocytes
77
refers to the pattern of periodic fever and the release of red blood cells (erythrocytes) infected with malaria parasites (Plasmodium) into the bloodstream.
Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle
78
Plasmodium falcifarum | Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle
Malignant Tertian (36-48 hrs)
79
Plasmodium vivax | Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle
Benign Tertian (48 hrs)
80
Plasmodium ovale | Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle
Ovale tertian (48 hrs)
81
Plasmodium malariae | Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle
Quartan malaria (72 hrs)
82
Laboratory diagnosis for plasmodium
- Thick and thin smear - Quantitative Buffy coat - Rapid Diagnostic Test - Serologic Tests - Molecular Methods
83
Kind of coagulant used | Thick and Thin smear
EDTA
84
Smears should be made within _________ | Thick and Thin smear
1 hour | True stipplings may not be retained
85
Most common artifacts of thin smears | Thick and Thin smear
Platelets
85
stages used for speciations | Thick and Thin smear
- trophozoites (ring forms) - Schizonts - Gametocytes
86
When should you collect Blood specimens | Thick and Thin smear
- prior to next anticipated fever spike - onset of fever
87
Dime size or approx. 1-2 cm diameter | Thick or Thin smear
Thick smear
87
Require dehemoglobinization | Thick or Thin smear
Thick smear
87
General Screening, Diagnosis and Quatitation | Thick or Thin smear
Thick smear
88
No need to fix with methanol | Thick or Thin smear
Thick smear
88
Species identification | Thick or Thin smear
Thin smear
88
Same as preparing a peripheral blood smear | Thick or Thin smear
Thin smear
89
Fixed in absolute methanol | Thick or Thin smear
Thin smear
89
Stains for blood smears
- Giemsa - Wright
90
Reporting for Infection
Parasites/100 Thick field
91
Negative | Reporting for Infection
None found in 100 fields
92
+ | Reporting for Infection
1-10
93
++ | Reporting for Infection
11-100
94
+++ | Reporting for Infection
1-10 per thick field
95
++++ | Reporting for Infection
>10 per thick fields
96
Negative morning and afternoon thick-stained smear for 3 consecutive days during symptoms
Absense of Infection
97
Determination of Parasitemia in Thick smears
No. Parasites x (8000/ No. WBCs counted) = No. parasites per uL of blood
98
Determination of Parasitemia in Thin smears
(No infected RBCs / Total No. RBCs counted) x 100 = percent infected RBCs
99
The number of parsites/uL of blood is determined by enumerating the number of parasites in relation to the standard number of WBCs/uL (standard) | Determination of parasitemia
Thick smears
100
The percent of infected RBCs is determined by enumerating the number of infected RBCs in relation to the number of uninfected RBCs. A minimum of 500 RBCs total should be counted. | Determination of parasitemia
Thin smears
101
Container for Quantitative buffy coat | Quantitative buffy coat
Capillary tube coated with Acridine Orange (flourescent stain)
101
Where can you find the malarial parasites | Quantitative buffy coat
Buffy coat layer
102
Positive result | Quantitative buffy coat
(+) Apple green or Yellow green
102
Centrifuge for capillary tubes | Quantitative buffy coat
Parafuge
103
For detection of antibodies against malaria
serologic test
103
More sensitive in detecting the presence of malaria
Molecular test (PCR)
104
Detect malarial antigens
Rapid Diagnostic Test
104
Principle in Rapid Diagnostic Test | Rapid Diagnostic Test
Immunochromatography
105
Antigen specific for P. falcifarum | Rapid Diagnostic Test
Plasmodium Histidine Rich Protein 2
105
Antigens tha all Plasmodium species has | Rapid Diagnostic Test
- Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase - Plasmodium Aldolase
106
If control has a line | Rapid Diagnostic Test
negative
107
If T1 and T2 has a line | Rapid Diagnostic Test
Positive for P. falcifarum
108
If only T2 has a line | Rapid Diagnostic Test
Positive for Plasmodium (not specific)
109
Buffy coat is examined using a ____
fluorescent microscope
110
Appearance of P. Ovale macrogametocytes
Have fimbriation
111
Appearance of P.ovale microgametocyte
Elongated oval shape with schuffner’s dots

Parasitology Lab (7 decks)

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