Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Parasitology Lab > OTHER SIGNIFICANT BLOOD PARASITES > Flashcards

OTHER SIGNIFICANT BLOOD PARASITES Flashcards

(137 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

African
trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) parasites

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei brucei,
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

African
trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) vector

A

Glossina spp.
(Tsetse fly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chagas disease and American
trypanosomiasis parasite

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chagas disease and American
trypanosomiasis vector

A

Triatoma
(“kissing”) bugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Leishmaniasis parasite

A

Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Leishmaniasis vector

A

Phlebotomine
sand flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malaria parasite

A

Plasmodium spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Malaria vector

A

Anopheles
mosquitoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Babesiosis parasite

A

Babesia spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Babesiosis vector

A

Ticks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A
  • Amastigote
  • Promastigote
  • Epimastigote
  • Trypomastigote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

non-flagellated
oval form

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Amastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flagellated stage found
in the vector, rarely seen
in the blood

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Promastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Long, slender
flagellated form
Found in arthropod
vectors

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Epimastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

has undulating membrane running the length of the
body Found in the vector
and bloodstream of human

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

All morphological forms of Hemoflagellates are found in ________
infections

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

morphological forms of Hemoflagellates seen in Trypanosoma brucei infections

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

morphological forms of Hemoflagellates seen
in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote and promastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

morphological forms of Hemoflagellates in Diagnostic Stages (found in humans)

A

amastigote and or trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does Trypanosoma multiply

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where can you find Trypanosoma

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of blood,CSF, lymph node aspirate, chancre aspirate, microhematocrit centrifugation, serologic testing

A

Trypanosoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trypanosomiasis occurs mainly in

A

Africa and South
America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T. brucei causes _____________

A

African trypanosomiasis or african sleeping
sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Infection of Trypanosoma brucei affects the:
- lymphatic system - CNS
25
Cause swollen lymph nodes at the posterior base of the neck
Trypanosoma brucei
26
Subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei
- gambiense - rhodesiense
27
Subspecies gambiense and rhodesiense are named according to their _________
geographic location
28
Trypanosoma cruzi causes ____________
Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis
29
Characterized by lesion formation, conjunctivitis, edema of the face and legs, and heart muscle involvement leading to myocarditis
Trypanosoma cruzi
30
“African Sleeping Sickness” Transmission
* via vector: bite from the Tse tse fly (Glossina spp.) * Mother to child infection * Blood transfusion * Sexual contact * Mechanical transmission – blood sucking insects
31
Primary reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Animals (wild and domestic)
32
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Illness
Acute (early CNS invasion), <9 mos
33
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense level of Lymphadenopathy
minimal
34
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Parasitemia level
High
35
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Epidemiology
Anthropozoonosis
36
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Diagnostic stage
Trypomastigote
37
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Recommended specimens
- Chancre aspirate - lymph node aspirate - blood - CSF
38
Areas of high endemicity are: Western Africa Northeastern Africa Ethiopia (endemicity unknown) Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo (epidemics) United Republic of Tanzania Uganda Rwanda (endemicity unknown) Southern Africa Angola (epidemics) Namibia (unknown) Mozambique
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
39
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Vector
Tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans group
40
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Vector
Tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis group
41
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Primary reservoirs
Humans
42
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Lymphadenopathy level
Prominent
42
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Illness
Chronic (late CNS invasion), months to years
43
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Parasitemia
Low
44
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Epidemiology
Anthroponosis, rural populations
45
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Diagnostic stage
Trypomastigote
46
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Recommended specimens
- Chancre aspirate - lymph node aspirate - blood - CSF
47
Areas of high endemicity: Western Africa Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Northeastern Africa Chad, Sudan (epidemics), Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo (epidemics) United Republic of Tanzania Rwanda (endemicity unknown) Cameroon, Central African Republic Congo, Southern Africa, Angola (epidemics) Namibia (unknown)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
48
African Trypanosomiasis Initial lesion
local, painful, pruritic, erythematous
49
Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage) Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
50
Most patients do not notice this stage | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
51
Small papule - local inflammation | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
52
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage) occurs when trypomastigotes enter the hemolymphatic system to undergo _______________ | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
asexual reproduction
53
Fever | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
54
Headache | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
55
Joint pain | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
56
Malaise | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
57
Winter bottom’s sign | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
58
Sleeping sickness | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
59
Neurologic symptoms | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
60
Nocturnal | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
60
Personality changes, headaches, and withdrawal from the environment | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
61
Insomnia | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
62
Daytime lethargy | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
63
Secondary infections = pneumonia | Stages of African Trypanosomiasis
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
64
Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
- Pentamidine - Suramin
65
How many Pentamidine injections for T.b gambiense infection
7-10
66
Pentamidine Side effects:
- hypotension and shock - pancreatic, renal, or hepatic dysfunction - BM suppression
66
Multiple doses on varying days | Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
Suramin
67
For T.b. rhodesiense infection | Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
Suramin
68
Suramin Side effects:
- Renal impairment - peripheral neuropathy - BM suppression
68
for T.b gambiense infection | Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
Pentamidine
69
Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
- Melarsoprol - Eflornithine - Nifurtimox
70
Effective for both hemolymphatic and neural stages | Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
Melarsoprol
71
Slow intravenous infusion | Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
Melarsoprol
72
IV infusion for 2 weeks for every 6 hrs | Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
Eflornithine
73
Melarsoprol side effect
encephalopathy
74
how will you know if African Trypanosomiasis is in second stage?
if cns is involved
75
First line drugs for early stage of west african Trypanosomiasis
Pentamidine
75
First line drugs for CNS involvement stage of west african Trypanosomiasis
Eflornithine
76
First line drugs for early stage of east african Trypanosomiasis
Suramin
77
Alternative drugs for early stage of west african Trypanosomiasis
Suramin, eflornithine
77
First line drugs for CNS involvement stage of east african Trypanosomiasis
Melarsoprol
78
Alternative line drugs for CNS involvement stage of west african Trypanosomiasis
Melarsoprol,1 eflornithine-nifurtimox1
79
Alternative drugs for early stage of east african Trypanosomiasis
Pentamidine
80
Prevention for African Trypanosomiasis
* Control in the reservoir like livestock * Remove scrub * Education * Public awareness * Hygiene
81
Diagnosis are: * Demonstration of trypomastigote in chancre, lymph node aspirate, CSF * Thick and thin blood smear (Giemsa) * Buffy coat concentration * Lymph node aspirates * ELISA * IFA * Indirect hemagglutination * Mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique * Card agglutination test for trypanosmiasis (CATT) * Card indirect agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CIATT) * PCR
African Trypanosomiasis
82
Chagas Disease or South American trypanosomiasis
American Trypanosomiasis
82
Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis
* Mediated via vectors = Kissing Bugs * Ingestion of food contaminated with parasites * Blood transfusions * Fetal transfusion * T. cruzi = by Carlos Chagas
83
American Trypanosomiasis Trypomastigotes location
bloodstream
84
American Trypanosomiasis Amastigotes location
tissue cells
85
Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
- Acute phase - Intermediate Phase - Chronic Phase
86
1 week after infection | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Acute phase
87
Fever, lymph node enlargement, unilateral swelling of eyelids | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Acute phase
88
Damaged muscle cells and edema | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Acute phase
89
Asymptomatic | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Intermediate Phase
90
Cardiac manifestation | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Chronic Phase
91
Arrhythmia, cardiac failure, thromboembolism, atrioventricular fibrillation, ventricular hypertrophy | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Chronic Phase
92
Gastrointestinal manifestation | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Chronic Phase
93
Lesions in the intestinal organs | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Chronic Phase
94
Difficulty in swallowing, regurgitations, constipations, fecal compacting | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Chronic Phase
95
Diagnosis: * Wet smear – blood, CSF = examination for motile trypomastigote * Thick and Thin Smear (Stain = Giemsa) * CSF, tissue samples, lymph examination * Concentration methods * Blood culture * PCR * Xenodiagnosis | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Acute phase
96
Leishmaniasis Divided into:
- Old World - New World
96
Diagnosis: * Serological testing * IFAT * CATT * ELISA * IHA | Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis
Chronic Phase
97
L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major Division | Leishmaniasis
Old World
98
Most common in the Middle East. PKDL is seen in India and East Africa (Kenya and the Sudan)
Old World
99
L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. chagasi
New World
100
Found in the Americas from southern Texas to northern Argentina.
New World
101
Agent of Leishmaniasis (old world)
Phlebotomus sp.
102
Agent of Leishmaniasis (New world)
Lutzomyia
103
Obligate intracellular parasite
Leishmaniasis
104
Primarily a zoonotic disease
Leishmaniasis
104
4 categories of Leishmaniasis
1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) 2. Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML) 3. Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL) 4. Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
105
The most common form of leishmaniasis | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
105
Usually with one or more painless ulcers | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
106
Freq caused aused by L. major and L. tropica in the Old World and L. braziliensis, L. mexicana, and related species in the New World. | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
107
Usually occurs months or years after healing of primary CL, most commonly due to L. braziliensis. | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)
108
It can cause destruction of the nasal septum, palate, and other mucosal structures, leading to devastating facial mutilation and, rarely, death from airway involvement. | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)
108
Lesions confused with lepromatous leprosy | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)
109
The nodules are often described as soft and fleshy, while those of leprosy are generally more indurated. | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)
110
Can lead to anemia, bleeding and infections with other microorganisms | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
110
A febrile illness with weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and decreases in the production of blood cells | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
111
It is usually caused by L. donovani and L. infantum | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
112
Characterized by progressive fever, weight loss, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, and pancytopenia. | 4 categories of Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
113
Leishmania donovani is the agent of:
- Agent of visceral fever - Dum-dum fever - Donovani Kala-azar fever (VL)
114
Leishmania tropica is the agent of:
cutaneous oriental sore
114
Leishmania braziliensis is the agent of
- mucocutaneous lesion/mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - Espundia - Chiclero ulcer - Taper nose
115
cartilage of the nose
Espundia
115
pina of the ear
Chiclero ulcer
116
American mucocutaneous lesion
Taper nose
117
Specimens for diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
- Tissue biopsy - skin - spleen - lymph nodes
118
Diagnosis: Stained smears * Culture (NNN medium; Schneider’s medium) * Montenegro skin test - Intradermal Testing * Animal inoculation (hamster) * Formol gel test * TPAG * Flow cytometry * PCR * Serological test = CFT, IFAT, ELISA * Other Immunologic assays: * rk39 Ag test (for VL) * Direct agglutination * Urine Ag test
Leishmaniasis
119
Treatment for Leishmaniasis
- Amphotericin B - Pentamidine - Nifurtimox
120
Antimony compounds for Leishmaniasis
IM or IV for up to 4 weeks; primary treatment
121
Epidemiology for Leishmaniasis
- Primarily a disease of poverty - VL is an important opportunistic infection in AIDS
122
Early diagnosis and effective treatment Vector control: Use of insect repellant ITNs Fine-mesh bed nets Screens and sprays in houses Effective disease surveillance Control of animal reservoir hosts Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships
Leishmaniasis

Parasitology Lab (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions