PPP: 7-14 days - no merogony - gametogony

Apicomplexa pt 3 Flashcards by Kara Majors

Sarcocystis general characteristics

Worldwide distribution

predator is the definitive host
prey is the intermediate host
indirect life cycle

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Sarcocystis - DH

PPP: 7-14 days

no merogony
gametogony

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Sarcocystis - IH

Merogony

- no gametogony

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Sarcocystis cruzi

DH: dog, wolves, coyotes, raccoons, foxes, hyena
IH: cattle, ox, bison

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S. cruzi - infective stages

DH: sarcocyst with bradyzoites

IH (or aberrant host): oocyst, sporocysts

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S. cruzi - route of infection

DH: ingestion of tissue cyst (sarcocyst) containing bradyzoites
IH: ingestion of oocysts/sporocysts in environment

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S. cruzi - site of infection

DH: intestinal tract
IH: extraintestinal - heart, skeletal muscle, tongue, esophagus, diaphragm

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S. cruzi - pathology

DH: asymptomatic, no immunity
IH: acute, anorexia, pyrexia, anemia, abortion in final trimester

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S. cruzi IH - diagnosis

clinical signs
presence of sarcocyst on histology (1 cm, cylindrical)
antibody detection

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S. cruzi DH - diagnosis

fecal float: sporocysts/oocysts
free sporocysts
oocyst is double the size of the sporocyst

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S. cruzi - treatment and control

IH: prophylactic

predator/prey control
avoid fecal contamination
avoid uncooked meat
bury or incinerate dead livestock

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Sarcocystis neurona

DH: opossums
IH: armadillo, raccoon, cat, skunk
Accidental host: horse
–> agent of EPM in US, Canada, Brazil, Panama

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S. neurona - infective stages

DH: sarcocyst (with bradyzoites) in an intermediate host
IH: sporocyst, oocysts
Accidental host: sporocyst, oocysts

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S. neurona - site of infection

DH: intestine
IH: skeletal muscle, tongue
Accidental host: CNS

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S. neurona - clinical signs

DH: none
IH: asymptomatic
Accidental host: neurological

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S. neurona - diagnosis

DH: oocyst, sporocyst on fecal float
IH: sarcocyst on histology, IFA, PCR

S. neurona - EPM

Diagnosis
- neuro exam
- equine CSF, blood tests
Problem with diagnostics
- organism difficult to detect
- rule out: N. hughesi, EHV, lyme disease, west nile, etc
Pathology:
- lesions on neural tissue

S. neurona - EPM treatment

FDA approved medication (ponazuril, diclazuril, combo sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

some vaccines, not efficatious
relapse common
protect feed/water source, reduce road kill

EPM increased risk

summer, spring, fall
presence of oppossums, wooded area
horses age (1-5 yrs, and greater than 13 yr)
stress via transport, injury, parturition

Sarcocystis spp. - other hosts

Waterfowl - S. rileyi

- white breast disease

Sarcocystis - humans

DH: S. hominis, and S. suihominis
Clinical signs: 24 hr post ingestion of pork
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Cryptosporidium

Host: mammals, birds, reptile, fish

Cryptosporidium - infection site

upper respiratory tract
bursa/proventriculus of birds

Cryptosporidium ______ life cycle

Direct

- autoinfection can occur!

Cryptosporidium - routes of infection

Fecal-oral - autoinfection - contaminated water, feed, aerosol, mechanical transport

Cryptosproidium - PPP

1 week or less

C. parvum

Cattle - intestinal disease in neonates (1-4 weeks) - site of infection: ileum - PPP: 3-6 days

C. parvum - pathology

- diarrhea, depression, anorexia - loss of epithelial cells - dehydration - electrolyte imbalance - impaired nutrient digestion, absorption

C. andersoni

Mature cattle - no clinical disease - chronic subclinical infections - site of infection: abomasum

C. andersoni - pathology

- dilation of peptic/pyloric glands - hypertrophy of gastric mucosa - thinning of epithelium - impaired protein digestion

C. bovis

Previously mistaken for C. parvum - common in older calves (weaned) - no clinical disease

Cryptosporidium canis

Puppies less than 6 months - asymptomatic shedding in older dogs - rarely associated with disease - low prevalence - diarrhea, weight loss

Cryptosporidium felis

Rarely associated with disease | - diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss

Cryptosporidium - diagnosis

Oocyst detection on sugar float - modified acid fast - PCR - intermittent shedding

Cryptosporidium - oocyst morphology

No sporocyst - 4 sporozoites (free in oocyst) - sporulates in host

Cryptosporidium - treatment/control

No efficacious treatments - fluid and electrolyte therapy - self-limiting in immune compotent host - clean up environment

What are the 3 species of cyrptosporidium in avian hosts?

- C. meleagridis (turkey, human) - C. baileyi (poultry) - C. galli (finches, chickens)

What are the 3 forms of cryptosporidium in avian hosts?

- intestinal (SI): enteritis, diarrhea, distended SI, mucus, villous atrophy, lesion in proventriculus - respiratory: rails, coughing, sneezing, dyspnea, "swollen head syndrome" - renal: pale kidneys, enlarged, fibrotic area