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Parasitology > Trematodes pt 2 > Flashcards

Trematodes pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti

A
  • DH: dogs, cats, muskrats, mink, wild/domestic carnivores, humans
  • 1st IH: aquatic snails
  • 2nd IH: crayfish
  • PH: rodents
  • DH adults in lung parenchyma (encysted)
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2
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti prevalence

A 
North America (bobcats)
- Paragonimus spp: Asia, Americas, Africa
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3
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti life cycle

A

DH ingests crayfish with mature metacercariae or PH (ingested crayfish w/ metacercariae) –> excyst in SI, penetrates gut to peritoneal cavity to diaphragm to lungs –> form cysts in lung parenchyma, mature to adults –> eggs pass from cyst to bronchi –> eggs coughed up and swallowed –> unembryonated eggs in feces –> miracidia hatch, penetrate aquatic snail –> cercariae emerge, enter crayfish –> metacercariae form, infections in 42-46 days

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4
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti pathology

A

Asymptomatic

  • migrating flukes: eosinophilic peritonitis, pleuritis, multifocal pleural hemorrhage
  • chronic bronchiolitis
  • bronchiole epithelial hyperplasia
  • ruptured cysts (acute pneumothorax)
  • degenerating eggs: chronic eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia
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5
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti clinical signs

A
  • deep coughing
  • dyspnea
  • hemoptysis
  • lethargy
  • weakness
  • weight loss
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6
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- thick shelled, yellow
- operculum
- fecal sedimentation or flotation
- lung: fluid wash
Adult
- radiograph for pulmonary cysts
- necropsy
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7
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti treatment/control

A
  • fenbendazole
  • albendazole
  • praziquantel
  • prevent ingestion of IH and PH
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8
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti human infection

A

Rare in US

  • ingestion of raw/undercooked crayfish
  • diarrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain, thick sputum production, similar to TB!
  • praziquantel
  • Paragonimus westermani: oriental lung fluke
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9
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola

A
  • DH: raccoon, mink, fox, coyote, dog, cat, piscivorous birds/mammals
  • 1st IH: aquatic snails
  • 2nd IH: fish, pacific giant salamanders
  • DH site: SI
  • 2nd IH site: kidneys, muscle, fins, other organs
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10
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola prevalence

A

North America

- pacific northwest US

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11
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola life cycle

A

DH ingests fish with metacerariae –> develop to adults in SI, NO extra intestinal migration! –> unembryonated eggs passed in feces –> miracidia catch, infect aquatic snail –> cercariae emerge from snail –> cercariae penetrate young fish (salmonids) –> metacercariae form in kidneys, muscle, fins

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12
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola pathology - fish IH

A

Metacercariae

  • renal edema
  • hemorrhagic skin
  • obstruction to heart, retina, kidney tubules, pancreatic tissue, gallbladder
  • exophthalmia
  • decreased or erratic swimming
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13
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola pathology - canine DH

A

Adult trematodes

  • hemorrhagic enteritis
  • rarely disease
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14
Q

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A

Salmon poisoning disease

  • transovarial transmission in trematode
  • trematode adheres to intestine (rickettsiae enter epithelial cells)
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15
Q

Salmon poisoning in dogs

A

Sudden fever, persistent vomiting, bloody diarrhea, ocular discharge, etc

  • mortality: 50-90%
  • diagnosis: lymph node aspiration, trematode eggs in feces
  • treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline, supportive therapy for dehydration
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16
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- fecal sedimentation/flotation
- yellow to brown
- indistinct operculum
Adults
- oral and ventral sucker
- spiny tegument
- pair of large oval testes
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17
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola treatment/control

A
  • praziquantel

- no feeding raw or undercooked fish

18
Q

Nanophyetus human infections

A

Rare, fish flu

  • eating undercooked fish
  • diarrhea, abdominal pain
  • prazi, niclosamide
19
Q

Alaria

A
  • DH: dog, cat, wide range of carnivores
  • 1st IH: aquatic snails
  • 2nd IH: tadpoles
  • PH: frog, snake, mice, mammals
  • site in DH: SI or mammary glands in lactating cats
20
Q

Alaria life cycle

A

DH ingests infected tadpole or PH with mesocercariae –> migration to diaphragm to lungs, develop into metacercariae, coughed up trachea down esophagus to SI or in lactating cat, mesocercariae migrate to mammary glands –> develop to adults in SI or remain mesocercariae (transmammary) –> unembryonated eggs in feces –> miracidia hatch, infect aquatic snail –> cercariae emerge in water —> cercariae penetrate tadpole, develop into mesocercariae –> PH ingests tadpole with mesocercariae

21
Q

Alaria transmammary transmission in the ______

A

Lactating cat

  • mesocercariae migrate to mammary glands
  • dormant tissue stages (remain mesocercariae, passed during lactation)
  • develop into adults in kittens
22
Q

Alaria pathology

A 
Cat DH
- attached to mucous membranes of SI
- migratory tracts thru lung parenchyma
- usually little harm
IH and DH
- migration
23
Q

Alaria diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- fecal sedimentation 
- operculum
Adults
- winged, 2 tentacle like structures along oral sucker
Mesocercariae
- dormancy
24
Q

Alaria treatment/control

A
  • praziquantel

- prevent ingestion of tadpoles or PH

25
Alaria human infection
A. americana - fatal, extensive pulmonary hemorrhage - subq nodules - pulmonary nodules - several cases of intra-ocular mesocercariae leading to blindness
26
Potomac horse fever
Equine neorickettsiosis - digenetic trematodes serve as reservoir (Acanthatrium oregonense) - infectious agent (Neorickettsia risticii) - >25 states and canada
27
Acanthatrium oregonense life cycle
DH (bat) ingests insect with metacercariae --> bat with adult trematode --> eggs shed in feces into water --> miracidia hatch, infect aquatic snail --> cercariae emerge in water, infect aquatic insects --> metacerariae develop inside insect --> aberrant equine host ingests mayfly with metacerariae harboring Neorickettsia risticii
28
Potomac horse fever clinical signs
10-18 days post infection - depression, anorexia, fever - diarrhea, mild colic - laminitis - abortion - mortality without treatment
29
Potomac horse fever diagnosis
- clinical signs - isolation of N. risticii (blood and feces) - ab titers
30
Potomac horse fever treatment
Oxytetracycline
31
Potomac horse fever control
Prevent ingestion of insects (difficult)
32
Heterobilharzia americana
- DH: raccoons, dogs, bobcats, nutria, opossum, panther, beaver - IH: lymnaeid snails - DH site: hepatic portal and mesenteric veins - canine schistosomiasis
33
Heterobilharzia americana prevalence
Southeastern US
34
Heterobilharzia americana life cycle
Miracidia hatch in water, infect a lymnaeid snail --> cercariae emerge and penetrate the skin of DH --> migration thru lungs to liver --> mature to adults --> adults migrate thru portal veins to mesenteric veins --> eggs migrate thru mesenteric veins and intestinal wall to lumen of intestine --> embryonated eggs shed in feces
35
Heterobilharzia americana requires a _____ solution for sedimentation
Saline, so eggs do not hatch
36
Heterobilharzia ameriana pathology
Canine DH - severe granulomatous inflammation: SI, liver, LI, pancreas - fibrosis - mineralization - death
37
Heterobilharzia americana clinical signs
- diarrhea (bloody) - weight loss - anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - blood chemistry usually normal (hypercalcemia)
38
Heterobilharzia americana diagnosis
``` Eggs - thin shelled, no spine - fecal sedimentation (saline) - fecal PCR - biopsy Adults - mesenteric veins - dioecious ```
39
Heterobilharzia americana treatment/control
- fenbendazole, praziquantel | - prevent exposure to cercariae
40
Heterobilharzia americana human infections
Swimmers itch - cercarial dermatitis: edema, itching, papules - avian schistosomes - avoid water where cercariae infected snails are present

Parasitology (28 decks)

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