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Hookworms Flashcards

1
Q

Hookworm classification

A

Phylum: Nematoda
Order: Strongylida
Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidae
- large animals: Bunostomum phlebotomum, trigonocephalum
- small animals: Ancylostoma caninum, braziliense, tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala

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2
Q

Which large animal hookworm belongs to cattle only?

A

Bunostomum phlebotomum

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3
Q

Which small animal hookworm belongs to dogs only?

A

Ancylostoma caninum

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4
Q

Which small animal hookworm belongs to cats only?

A

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

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5
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum pathology

A

Highly pathogenic, blood feeders!!

  • heavy infections with adults = diarrhea, anemia, hypoproteinemia
  • calves: marked weakness, emaciation, submandibular edema
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6
Q

B. phlebotomum - entry site skin

A
  • irritation and pruritus
  • swelling, scabs
  • penetration of larvae may cause cattle to stamp their feet; lick their legs
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7
Q

B. phlebotomum - entry site intestines

A
  • vili loss
  • inflammation
  • hemorrhagic lesions (ulcers)
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8
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - hosts

A

DH: wild and domestic ruminants (cattle, zebu)

  • site of adults: small intestines (duodenum)
  • distribution: worldwide in temperate regions, US (south and midwest)
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9
Q

B. phlebotomum - life cycle

A

Adults in SI –> eggs in feces –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 ensheathed (infective) –> L3 penetrates skin (most common) –> L3 enters circulatory system –> L3 migrates to heart, lungs, alveoli –> L4 coughed up , swallowed –> L4 in SI
Alternate route: L3 ingested (less common) –> L4 in SI

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10
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - clinical signs

A
  • anemia
  • diarrhea
  • submandibular edema
  • emaciation
  • weakness
  • death is possible
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11
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- fecal float
- thick shell, dirty looking 
Adults
- robust worms, chitinous cutting plates
- large buccal cavity
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12
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - treatment and control

A
  • approved medication
  • avoid moist pastures
  • promote dryness
  • hygiene (remove manure)
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13
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - hosts

A

DH: sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas

- site of adults: small intestine (jejunum, ileum)

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14
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - clinical signs

A
  • irritation at entry site
  • progressive anemia
  • diarrhea (dark)
  • edema (bottle jaw)
  • death possible (200-300 worms)
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15
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - life cycle

A

Adults in SI –> eggs in feces –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 ensheathed (infective) –> L3 penetrates skin (common) –> L3 enters circulatory system –> L3 migrates to heart, lungs, alveoli –> L4 coughed up, swallowed –> L4
- alternate route: L3 ingested –> L4

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16
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - diagnosis and treatment

A
  • fecal float

- levamisole labeled for sheep

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17
Q

Which small animal hookworms affect both dogs and cats?

A
  • Ancylostoma braziliense

- Uncinaria stenocephala (more common in colder climates in US)

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18
Q

Small animal hookworm morphology

A

Curved on anterior end (hooked), males have copulatory bursa

  • Ancylostoma caninum, A. tubaeforme: 3 pairs of teeth
  • Ancylostoma braziliense: 1 pair of teeth
  • Uncinaria stenocephala: cutting plates
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19
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - hosts

A 
DH: canids
PH: vertebrates (rodents), cockroaches
- site of adults: small intestine
- distribution: tropical/subtropical, does not tolerate freezing, larvae like well drained soil, shade, warmth, humidity 
- more prevalent in southeast than north
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20
Q

What are 4 potential routes of infection for A. caninum?

A
  • L3 penetrate skin: goes to circulatory system, lungs –> cough and swallow
  • DH ingests L3, enter SI crypts
  • PH ingests L3: L3 arrest, reactivated, enter SI crypts, DH ingests PH
  • pregnant bitch ingests L3: L3 –> lungs –> somatic tissue, arrests, reactivated –> mammary glands –> nursing pup ingests L3 –> L3 enter SI crypts in pup
21
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - peracute disease

A

Occurs in puppies

  • pale membranes, dark feces
  • possible rapid decline in health at 2 weeks (before eggs produced)
  • 0 eggs per gram
  • coma, death
22
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - acute disease

A

Older pup, mature

  • severe anemia
  • may still have 0 EPG
23
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - chronic disease

A

Asymptomatic or slightly anemic

  • eggs in feces
  • immunocompetent host
24
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - secondary disease

A

Older animals

  • profound anemia
  • immunocompromised
  • secondary to other disease
25
Ancylostoma braziliense - hosts
DH: canids, felids - site of adults: small intestine - distribution: tropical/subtropical, larvae prefer moist, sandy soil, warmth
26
Ancylostoma tubaeforme - hosts
DH: felids - site of adults: small intestine - distribution: worldwide, increased prevalence in warmer climates
27
Which Ancylostoma spp has transmammary transmission?
A. caninum
28
Ancylostoma spp - pathology
- larvae: dermatitis, pneumonia | - adults: anemia, enteritis, edema
29
Which Ancylostoma spp is most pathogenic?
A. caninum!!
30
Ancylostoma spp - clinical signs
Primarily in warmer seasons! - severity of disease dependent on: ability to compensate, # of parasites, ancylostoma spp involved - adult dogs have anemia, anorexia, emaciation, weakness --> dark, tarry diarrhea, more likely in stressed and malnourished dogs
31
Number of hookworms able to mature in SI will be influenced by ______
- age - acquired immunity - premunition: residual population of hookworms confers resistance to new infection
32
How does immunity to infection develop?
- mature dogs may harbor small numbers of worms - contaminate environment - if well nourished and immunocompetent show few, if any, signs of disease
33
All hookworms suck ______
Blood!!
34
A. caninum disease summary
Voracious bloodsucker - more pathogenic than A. braziliense - most severe in pups by transmammary transmission - pale mucous membranes - anemia, ill thrift, failure to gain weight, poor hair coat - dark tarry diarrhea - death - survivors are poor doers with chronic anemia
35
Respiratory disease and pneumonia
In puppies when large numbers of larvae migrate through lungs - respiratory signs with hookworm-induced anemia
36
Penetration by larval hookworms
- dermatitis with errythema, puritus, and papules - lesions most commonly on feet, interdigital spaces - A. caninum and A. braziliense most often
37
Ancylostoma infection diagnosis
Fecal float - thin shelled eggs - oval - if fecal is less than 24 hrs old, may see free L1
38
Ancylostoma adult characteristics
3 pair of teeth in adults - A. caninum and A. tubaeforme 1 pair of teeth - A. braziliense
39
Uncinaria stenocephala - hosts
DH: canids, felids PH: rodents - site of adults: small intestine - distribution: cooler climates, larvae resistant to freezing!! - less common than A. caninum in the southeast
40
What are 3 potential routes of infection for Uncinaria stenocephala?
- L3 penetrates skin (uncommon) --> circulatory system --> heart/lungs, cough and swallow - DH ingests L3 --> enter SI crypts - PH ingests L3 --> somatic migration --> L3 arrest, reactivate --> enter SI crypts --> DH ingests PH
41
Is there transmammary transmission with U. stenocephala?
No!
42
Uncinaria stenocephala - pathology and signs
May be asymptomatic, least pathogenic hookworm in dogs (rare in cats) - minimal lesions from larvae - adult blood feeding: heavy infection, catarrhal infection - ingest 1-2% of blood volume than A. caninum ingets
43
Uncinaria stenocephala diagnosis
``` Eggs - floatation - similar to ancylostoma Adults - chitinous plates (no teeth) ```
44
Dog hookworm treatment suggestions
- A. caninum: fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, pyrantel pamoate - U. stenocephala: pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole, moxidectin - A. braziliense: pyrantel pamoate
45
Cat hookworm treatment suggestions
- A. tubaeforme: emodepside, ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, pyrantel, selamectin
46
Cutaneous larval migrans
Creeping eruption - L3 penetrate surface layers of human skin and migrate - walking barefoot or sitting on contaminated soil or sand - no maturation (wrong host)
47
Which hookworm species is most important for CLM?
Ancylostoma braziliense - gulf coast - southeastern states - highest prevalence
48
CLM pathogenesis
- papules - inflamed tracks - thickened skin - pruritus - systemic eosinophilia (uncommon, occurs in Australia) - A. caninum: adults found in human intestines, single worms, no eggs, percutaneous transmission not oral!

Parasitology (28 decks)

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