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Parasitology > Capillarids, Trichinella, Trichurids > Flashcards

Capillarids, Trichinella, Trichurids Flashcards

1
Q

Classification

A 
Order: Enoplida
Superfamily: Trichinelloidea (Stichosome esophagus)
- Trichuris (whipworm)
- Capillarids (urinary,airway,GI)
- Trichinella spiralis (intestines)
Superfamily: Dioctophymatoidea
- Dioctophyme renale (giant kidney worm)
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2
Q

Trichinelloidea - general characteristics

A
  • all lay eggs with 2 polar plugs
  • stichosome esophagus
  • tube surrounded by stichocytes arranged single file down length of tube
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3
Q

Which Trichinelloidea spp is larviparous?

A

Trichinella spp

- females do not have polar plugs

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4
Q

Trichuris spp. PPP varies with ______

A

Species: swine, canids, ruminants, felids, humans

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5
Q

Trichuris spp - life cycle

A

Eggs passed in feces –> L1 develops in egg, does not hatch –> L1 in egg ingested –> hatches in SI –> migrates to mucosal glands of cecum –> L1, L2, L3, immature adult –> immature adults return to lumen of cecum –> adults attach to mucosa

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6
Q

Trichuris suis - pathogenesis and clinical sign

A

Adult trichurids - hematophagous

  • diarreha
  • dehydration
  • anemia
  • weight loss
  • catarrhal enteritis
  • mucosal necrosis
  • hemorrhage
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7
Q

Trichuris spp. - clinical signs

A 
Ruminants
- usually subclinical 
- inappetence
- bloody diarrhea
Cats: rare and asymptomatic
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8
Q

Trichuris vulpis - life cycle

A

Unembryonated eggs pass in feces –> L1 devleops in egg, infective eggs remain viable for years –> DH ingests L1 in egg –> hatch in SI (2-10 days) –> migrate to cecum –> Li-L3 in cecum –> penetrate to mucosa –> mature to adults in lumen of cecum –> adults attach to mucosa –> female can produce 2000 eggs/day

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9
Q

Trichuris vulpis - clinical signs

A
  • mild: asymptomatic, subclinical
  • severe: hemorrhagic typhlitis or colitis, diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood
  • rarely: bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, anemia, and death
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10
Q

Trichuris vulpis - pathology

A

Developing larvae
- mucosa of SI, no disease associated!!
Adults
- primarily in cecum, thread anterior ends thru superficial mucosa
- large posterior end extends into cecal lumen
- consume blood, tissue fluids, mucosal epithelium = bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration

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11
Q

Trichuris spp. - diagnosis

A
  • fecal float: eggs are double pored/plugged, must differentiate from capillarid egg
  • adult: necropsy, whip like
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12
Q

Trichuris spp - treatment

A

Numerous approved anthelmintics!!

  • fenbendazole
  • milbemycin oxime
  • febantel
  • moxidectin
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13
Q

Trichuris spp. - control

A

Management

  • maintain clean, dry environment
  • kennels: remove feces daily, thoroughly clean all areas at least twice a month
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14
Q

Small animal capillarids

A
  • Eucoleus aerophilus: epithelium of trachea, bronchioles (cats, dogs, carniovores)
  • Eucoleus boehmi: muosa of nasal turbinates, or frontal/paranasal sinuses (canids)
  • Aonchotheca putorii: stomach (cats, dogs)
  • Pearsonema plica: urinary bladder mucosa (cat, dog)
  • Pearsonema felis-cati: urinary bladder mucosa or free in bladder (cats)
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15
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus - hosts

A

DH: parasite of respiratory tract of fox

  • reported from dog, cat, other carnivores
  • foxes serve as reservoir for infections in domestic animals
  • distribution: NA, SA, Europe
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16
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus - life cycle

A

Eggs in sputum or feces –> embryonate in 30-50 days –> L1 from ingested eggs hatch in SI –> penetrate mucosa –> adult inhabit bronchiole, bronchi, trachea, threaded thru epithelial surface –> tracheal mucus, saliva –> migrate by bloodstream to lungs –> L1 penetrate alveoli, migrate up air passages as they develop (L2-L4) –> adults inhabit epithelium of bronchioles, bronchi, trachea –> thin bodies threaded thru epithelial surface

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17
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus - clinical signs

A

Often light, inapparent infection

  • slight cough, wheezing, nasal discharge
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • possibly severe in foxes: tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
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18
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus - diagnosis

A

Fecal float for eggs

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19
Q

Eucoleus boehmi - clinical signs

A

Epithelium becomes hyperemic and hyperplastic

  • sneezing, rhinitis
  • nasal discharge +/- bloody
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20
Q

Eucoleus boehmi - diagnosis

A
  • fecal float
  • nasal discharge
  • looking for eggs*
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21
Q

Eucoleus boehmi - life cycle

A

Direct

- adults threaded through nasal sinus mucosa

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22
Q

E. aerophilus, boehmi, and Trichuris vulpis egg comparison

A
  • E. aerophilus: multicellular embryo fills egg, net-like pattern or ridges on surface
  • E. boehmi: multicellular embryo does not fill egg, pitted surface
  • T. vulpis: lemon-shaped, contains single cell when passed in feces
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23
Q

Aonchotheca putorii - clinical signs

A
  • hyperplastic pyloric gastritis
  • superficial mucosal fibrosis
  • ulceration
  • diagnosis via fecal float
24
Q

Pearsonema plica - clinical signs

A

Usually subclinical

  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • cystitis
  • diagnosis (eggs): urine sediment, flotation of urine, contaminated feces
25
Pearsonema spp - treatment
No approved treatments in dogs and cats - off label: fenbendazole and ivermectin - requires several doses to eliminate infection
26
Eucoleus spp - treatment
Both E. aerophilus and E. boehmi have been successfully treated with ivermectin or fenbendazole
27
Trichinella spp - hosts
DH: carnivores, omnivores - has to be a meat eater! - can cause human disease
28
Trichinella spiralis
Swine, carnivores, humans - worldwide distribution - adults in mucosa of small intestine - direct life cycle
29
Which Trichinella spp are found in the US?
- T. nativa - T. pseudospiralis - T. murelli
30
Trichinellosis - life cycle
DH: adult nematodes in intestines (PPP: 5-6 days) - female nematodes burrow into intestine --> produces larvae (L1) --> bloodstream --> L1 distributed in cysts (nurse cell) throughout muscle of host (especially tongue, diaphragm!!) --> infected muscle is ingested by DH
31
Trichinella spiralis sylvatic cycle
Predation | - wild carnivorous/omnivorous mammals and prey species
32
Trichinella spiralis domestic cycle
Meat scraps/cannibalism | - prey species (rats) ingested by pigs, dogs, or cats
33
Trichinella spiralis - human infections
Undercooked: - pork - pork products - horse meat - bear meat - walrus meat
34
Trichinellosis
Ingestion of undercooked meat containing encysted larvae of Trichinella spp
35
Trichinellosis - pathogenesis
Exposure to gastric acid and pepsin: - larvae released from the cysts - invade small bowel mucosa - develop into adults (females larger) - live 4 weeks in the bowel - after 1 week: females release larvae, larvae migrate to striated muscle
36
Trichinellosis - diagnosis
Based on clinical signs - serology - muscle biopsy
37
Trichinella spiralis - clinical signs
No signs in naturally infected swine!! - adults in intestine: females burrowing = diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever - larvae (L1) in muscles: slow down physically, difficulty breathing if invade diaphragm, neurologic signs if in CNS
38
T. spiralis - clinical signs in humans
- inapparent - abdominal pain - diarrhea - fever - myalgia - malaise - periorbital edema - death
39
Trichinella spiralis - pathology
Larvae enter myocytes - encapsulated by host derived membrane, takes 3 months Cysts calcify over time - larvae may remain alive for 2 years Myocarditis - no gross lesions, nurse cells with larvae histologically
40
Trichinella spiralis - diagnosis
Muscle biopsy/squash - may be negative even in heavy infections - larvae may be at early development - inconspicuous - identification of nurse cell parasite complex in muscle biopsy/squash - squash uses 1-5g muscle pressed between 2 glass slides - artificial digestion of muscle, then sedimentation to recover larvae - detects 3 larvae/g of muscle!!
41
Trichinella spiralis - human diagnosis
Clinical signs, serology, biopsy - look for antibodies (ELISA) - PCR: detection of Trichinella-specific DNA - sensitive/specific for detecting small numbers of larvae in muscle tissue
42
World Organization for Animal Health
- requirements for declaring country or parts free of trichinae in domestic swine - guarantees the transparency of animal disease status worldwide
43
Trichinella spiralis - pre slaughter control
Reduce risks: - exposure to infective rodents in wildlife - prevent cannibalism in pig herds - illegal to feed raw garbage
44
National Trichinella certification program
Farm audits performed by veterinarians!! - certify farms as free from Trichinella spiralis infection - purpose is to open up trade restrictions
45
Trichinella spp - zoonotic potential
Certain wild game have high zoonotic risk since we inspect meat from domestic swine - some Trichinella are resistant to normal freezing processes (T. nativa, T. britovi)
46
Trichinella spp - post harvest methods for management
- slaughter testing: squash preps, muscle digestion - processing techniques: traditional approach for US, heating, curing, freezing (not for T. nativa), irradiating - consumer education: larval death in 6 min @ 55C, cook to internal temp of 77 C
47
Dioctophyme renale - hosts
DH: mustelids, carnivores, canids, felids (PPP 6 months) IH: invertebrate (2-3 months) ingests L1-L3 PH: crustaceans, fish, amphibians (L3, infective stage, encyst)
48
Dioctophyme renale - incidental hosts
- other mammals - herbivores - humans: ingest undercooked PH, public health risk! - larvae in subq tissue, sporadic distribution including NA
49
Diocotophyme renale adults are usually located in the -_______
Right kidney!
50
Dioctophyme renale infections
- patent infection: found in right kidney pelvis - latent infection: free in abdominal cavity - pathology: destroy/damage right kidney, enlarged left kidney, pressure necrosis
51
Dioctophyme renale - diagnosis
Nematodes in kidney, eggs in urine - no specific management implications - eggs: thick shelled, brown, barrel shaped, bipolar plugs, heavily pitted surface
52
Dioctophyme renale eggs are shed in ______
Urine (sediment) - unlarvated eggs - larvated eggs ingested by intermediate host
53
Dioctophyme renale - clinical signs
None in naturally infected hosts | - unilateral infections: compensation, dysruia, hematuria, lumbar pain, fatal if in both kidneys
54
Dioctophyme renale in humans
Not usual DH, does not usually present the way it would in natural DH - often larvae wind up in subq nodules and do not develop further
55
Dioctophyme renale - treatment and control
Most infections are symptomatic - treatment is not pursued - surgical removal of adult nematodes along with affected kidney or from peritoneal cavity will eliminate infection

Parasitology (28 decks)

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