Diptera Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
General characteristics
A
True flies
- 2 winged
- balancing halteres
- complex metamorphosis
2
Q
Importance of diptera
A
Larvae of some species cause myiasis (larval infestation)
- adults of others are blood suckers
3
Q
What determines if the larvae or adults are parasitic?
A
Mouthparts
- lapping: adults not parasitic
- piercing: adults are parasitic, role in disease transmission
- combo: horsefly
- nonfunctional: larvae are parasitic
4
Q
Brachycera
A
- myiasis flies (bot, blow, fesh, muscid)
- stable flies
- horn flies
- keds
- horse and deer flies
5
Q
Nematocera
A
- mosquitoes
- biting midges
- black flies
- sand flies
6
Q
Brachycera breed in _______
A
Decaying material
- 3 larval instars
- morphology of spiracles
7
Q
Myiasis
A
Parasitism by fly larvae
- may be living or necrotic tissue
- obligate, facultative, accidental
- GI and cutaneous are common sites (also have urogenital, ocular)
8
Q
Oestridae
A
Bot flies
- highly host specific
- adults non-parasitic
- aberrant hosts
9
Q
Gasterophilinae
A
Horse bots
- G. intestinalis (most common)
- G. nasalis
- G. hemorrhoidali (least common)
- hatching induced by environmental cues, larvae migrate to specific host location
10
Q
Gasterophilus intestinalis
A
- eggs: legs, shoulders
- LI: tongue epithelium, tooth pockets
- L2: tooth pockets, stomach wall
- L3: nonglandular portion of stomach
11
Q
Gasterophilus nasalis
A
- eggs: intermandibular region
- L3: pylorus and duodenum
12
Q
Hasterophilus haemorrhoidalis
A
- eggs: lips
- L3: duodenum and rectum
13
Q
Can you find L3 stages of horse bots in the stool?
A
No!
14
Q
Oestrus ovis
A
Sheep bots
- subclinical infestation
- fly will deposit first larval stage, not the egg! on the nose of the sheep
15
Q
Cuterebra
A
Rodent and squirrel bots
- also infest rabbits, dogs, cats, etc
- adults lay eggs in host habitat, larvae get onto host fur and enter natural openings, migrate to subq locations
16
Q
Hypoderma
A
Cattle bots
- timing of treatment is critical: toxins from dead/dying larvae cause adverse rxns
- treat immediately after fly activity stops, NOT in winter!
17
Q
Hypoderma lineatum vs hypoterma bovis
A
H. lineatum - eggs in rows on legs - LI: esophagus - L2/L3: SQ tissue on back - late spring/early summer H. bovis - eggs: singly on legs - L1: spinal cord - L2?L3: SQ tissue on back - late summer
18
Q
Calliphoridae
A
Blow flies
- adults have a metallic color!!
- lay eggs/larvae in tissue
- faultative parasites (mostly)
- -> live tissue (obligatory, primary myiasis)
- -> dead tissue (facultative) secondary myiasis
19
Q
Screwworms
A
Primary: Cochilomyia hominivorax (reportable!)
–> eggs immediately infect host, even with intact skin
Secondary: Chocliomyia macellaria
–> more common in US, will land on necrotic tissue
20
Q
Sarcophagidae
A
Flesh flies
- larger than house flies
- eggs laid in carrion, feces, wounds
- cause facultative myiasis
- useful in forensic entomology
21
Q
Muscidae
A
Musca domestica: house fly
- adults are nuisance
- pathogen transmission via mechanical (bacteria) or biological (nematodes)
22
Q
Musca autumnalis
A
Face fly
- cattle, horses
- feed on ocular, nasal discharge
- pathogen transmission
- -> nematode Thelazia
- larvae rarely associated with cutaneous myiasis
23
Q
Cutaneous myiasis
A
Larval infestation from blow flies, flesh flies, rarely muscid flies
- foul smelling, depressed or restless, decreased weight gain
- severe infestations are fatal
24
Q
Muscidae are muscid flies that are _______ as adults
A
Blood feeders!
- both male and female are blood feeder
25
Stomoxys vs Haematobia
```
Stomoxy (stable flies)
- quick feeder, house fly with proboscis
- nuisance, decrease ADG
- breed in manure w/feed
Haematobia (horn flies)
- slow feeder
- house fly
- less ADG
- breed in manure only
```
26
Stomoxys calcitrans
Non-myiasis muscid fly
- dairy cattle, dogs, horses, humans
- biological vector for nematode and other pathogens
27
Haematobia irritans
Non-myiasis muscid fly
- beef cattle, horses
- biological vector for nematode
28
Control for muscidae
- sanitation
- regular spraying of premises
- fly baits, resin, strips, ear tags, UV traps
29
Keds
Hoppoboscidae (louse flies)
- non host specific
- dorsoventrally flattened
- piercing/sucking mouthparts
- larvae stay in female abdomen until ready to pupate
30
Melophagus ovinus
Transfer via direct contact
- entire life cycle on host
- Trypanosoma melophagium (sheep is a reservoir)
31
Lipoptena cervi
Wings break off (resemble lice)
32
Tabanidae
Horseflies and deerflies
- stout-bodied, vary in size
- only adult females require blood meal
- eggs glued to vegetation overhanging water --> L3 carnivorous
33
Greenheads
Tabanus spp. (horse flies)
34
Chrysops
Deer flies
- larger than house fly
- banded wings
- larvae feed on organic matter is soil
35
Nematocera
Delicate flies
- segmented antennae
- semi-aquatic to aquatic breeding sites
- only adult females are blood feeders!
- serve as vectors
36
Culicidae
Mosquitoes
- long antennae
- eggs laid on soil or water
- -> 4 larval instars, pupae require water, are motile
37
Veterinary importance of mosquitoes
```
Direct disease
- nuisance, allergies
- blood loss
Indirect disease: vectors
- nematodes, protozans, viruses
Medical importance: #1 vector of human importance
```
38
What do mosquitoes feed upon
Nearly any animal that is not aquatic
- serve as food for fish, tadpoles, bats
- adults contribute to pollination
39
Culicidae life cycle
Complete in 4 days to >1 month
- eggs laid in area that will become wet or on existing wet surface --> larvae wigglers have siphon to take in air --> non feeding pupa also use siphon --> adult emerges from pupa
40
Standing water breeders
- eggs need water
- Anopheles quadrimaculatus (common malaria mosquito)
- Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito)
41
Floodwater mosquitoes
Eggs in moist soil or artificial containers
- hatch in rain or flood
- Aedes vexans (inland floodwater)
- Aedes sollicitans (eastern saltmarsh)
42
Anopheles quadrimaculatus
Most common in eastern US
- feed on big mammals
- vector for agents of malaria, heartworm!
43
Which species of Culicidae are native to US?
Culex quinquefasciatus (southern states)
- heartworm, encephalitis
Aedes vexans
- heartworm, encephalitis
44
Which species of Culicidae are introduced to US?
```
Aedes aegypti
- Africa native
- Yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya
Aedes albopictus
- Asia native
- yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya
```
45
Culicidae integrated pest management
- biological
- mechanical: drain swamps, bed nets
- chemical: larvicides, adulticides, repellants
- green nanotechnology
46
Biting midges
Ceratopogonidae
- Culicoides spp
- short flight range, active at dawn and dusk
- painful bites!
47
Biting midges as vectors
```
Viruses
- bluetongue
- epizootic hemorrhagic disease
Nematodes
- Onchocercea
Protozoa
- Avain hemosporidians
- Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon
```
48
Black flies
Simulium
- small, stout bodied, hump on thorax, short antennae
- breed only in running water
- daytime biters
49
Black flies as vectors
```
Viruses
- vesicular stomatitis
Nematodes
- Onchocerca
Protozoa
- Leucocytozoon
```
50
Sand flies
Psychodidae
- Lutzomyia spp
- small dull colored (hairy furry)
- nocturnal, rest in moist places in the day
- short lived adults, weak fliers
51
Sand flies as vectors
Viruses
- vesticular stomatitis
Protozoa
- Leishmania
52
Reduviid bugs
Kissing bugs
| - vector: Trypanosoma cruzi
53
Bed bugs
Increasing population
- disease transmission not confirmed
- exsanguination in chickens
