APP 3

Question 1

What is it about proteins that allows them to act as enzymes?

Answer 1

Their complex 3-dimensional shape and Charge

Question 2

What are stem cells?

Answer 2

Cells that have halted their development and are not committed to being a particular type of cell yet.

Question 3

What are the 2 things that all cells have to do.

Answer 3

Make protein enzymes

Make something happen in the body ie transport, food and reproduction

Question 4

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 4

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Question 5

What is tissue?

Answer 5

Tissue is a group of cells, usually with a common embryonic origin, that function together to carry out specialised activities.

Question 6

What does epithelial tissue do?

Answer 6

Secretes
Absorbs
Lines

Question 7

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 7

Protect
Connects
Binds

Question 8

Does epithelial tissue have a good blood supply?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

Does epithelial tissue have a high division rate?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

What type of tissue are glands made up of?

Answer 10

Epithelial

Question 11

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

Answer 11

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

Question 12

What are the 3 main types of fibre in connective tissue?

Answer 12

Collagen
Elastin
Reticular

Question 13

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 13

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

Question 14

Which of the 3 types of muscle are voluntary and which are involuntary?

Answer 14

Voluntary - Skeletal

Involuntary - Smooth and Cardiac

Question 15

Where in the brain are most of the sensations of the body actually perceived?

Answer 15

The Cortex

Question 16

How many pairs of spinal peripheral nerves are there?

Answer 16

31 Pairs

Question 17

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 17

12

Question 18

What are the 2 main Functional parts of the nervous system?

Answer 18

Autonomic

Somatic

Question 19

What are the 2 main Geographical (ie referring to where they are located in the body) parts of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 19

Sensoral and

Peripheral

Question 20

Give one other word that you could use for the somatic nervous system?

Answer 20

Voluntary

Question 21

Give one other word that you could use for the Autonomic nervous system.

Answer 21

Involuntary

Question 22

Which part of the nervous system ‘deals with’ cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands and blood vessels?

Answer 22

Autonomic

Question 23

Do somatic and autonomic neurones (nerve cells) sometimes travel in the same nerve?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Why does the autonomic nervous system ‘want’ to maintain a constant internal environment?

Answer 24

It needs to control body temperature and to help control and regulate organ function, emotional states and responses.

Question 25

Do some organs/tissues have both somatic and autonomic nerves attached to them - if so give an example.

Answer 25

Yes The diaphragm (Inter-costal muscles) Lungs

Question 26

Under what conditions is the parasympathetic NS dominant?

Answer 26

Unstressful - Rest and Digest

Question 27

Under what conditions is the sympathetic NS dominant?

Answer 27

Stressful | Fight or Flight

Question 28

What do catabolic reaction do in the body?

Answer 28

They break down large molecules to release energy.

Question 29

From what part of the spinal cord do sympathetic motor neurone emerge?

Answer 29

T1 - L2 | The rib area

Question 30

Do sympathetic motor neurones get to all 31 spinal nerves?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

If the sympathetic NS ‘emerges’ from the ‘middle’ of the spinal cord, where does the parasympathetic NS ‘emerge’ from?

Answer 31

From the Cranial Nerves | Spinal Nerves S2, 3 & 4

Question 32

Specifically, where do parasympathetic motor neurones emerge from?

Answer 32

CR 3, 7, 9, 10 and | S 2, 3 & 4

Question 33

In the parasympathetic NS, where are the joins (synapses) between the pre-ganglionic motor neurones and the post-ganglion motor neurones?

Answer 33

In the target organs

Question 34

In the parasympathetic NS are the post ganglionic neurones very long or very short?

Answer 34

Very short

Question 35

In the parasympathetic NS up which cranial nerves do the physiological and stretch sensations go?

Answer 35

CR 9 & 10

Question 36

What is the proper term for the ‘brain of the gut’?

Answer 36

The Enteric Nervous System

Question 37

Does the enteric NS always act independently of the autonomic NS?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

What is the point of digestion?

Answer 38

To break down food molecules (1) so that they can get through the cells of the gut wall, (2) and into the blood vessels (3) so that they can get into all the cells of the body, (4) to provide energy there, in the cells by breaking the bond (5) to provide raw materials so that broken bits of the molecules are used by the cell walls (6) for cells to grow and repair (7) to do their job (8)

Question 39

What is the difference between digestion and absorption?

Answer 39

Digestion is breaking down food | Absorption is going through the gut wall.

Question 40

Why is the oesophagus lines with mucus cells and stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 40

Mucus is there to act as a lubricant to help food go down. | Epithelium is there to quickly replace dead/worn out cells, from when the food brushes past.

Question 41

What causes heartburn?

Answer 41

When the stomach sphincter can’t close properly the stomach leaks acid which can cause irritation and the acid reflexes back into the oesophagus.

Question 42

What sort of molecules does the stomach mainly digest?

Answer 42

Proteins

Question 43

What protects the stomach from the acid it secretes?

Answer 43

Mucus

Question 44

What is the most common cause of an ulcer?

Answer 44

The bacteria - Heliobacter Pylori

Question 45

Where are the bile salts made and what do they do?

Answer 45

Bike salts are made in the live and they are stored in the gallbladder. They emulsify fats and make small intestine alkaline.

Question 46

State 4 functions of the liver.

Answer 46

Forms non-toxic urea from waste products. Makes bile. Makes plasma protein. Modified process of digestion. Detoxifies proteins. Makes the blood clotting enzyme, Fibrinogen.

Question 47

What are the two main jobs of the large intestine?

Answer 47

It removes water and salts.

Question 48

What are haemorrhoids?

Answer 48

Swollen veins in the rectal anus.

Question 49

What causes diverticulitis?

Answer 49

With age, muscles lining the bowel wall weaken and fecal matter gets trapped in pouches and bacteria build up there causing infection and inflammation.