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APP 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is it about proteins that allows them to act as enzymes?

A

Their complex 3-dimensional shape and Charge

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2
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that have halted their development and are not committed to being a particular type of cell yet.

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3
Q

What are the 2 things that all cells have to do.

A

Make protein enzymes

Make something happen in the body ie transport, food and reproduction

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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5
Q

What is tissue?

A

Tissue is a group of cells, usually with a common embryonic origin, that function together to carry out specialised activities.

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6
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Secretes
Absorbs
Lines

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7
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Protect
Connects
Binds

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8
Q

Does epithelial tissue have a good blood supply?

A

No

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9
Q

Does epithelial tissue have a high division rate?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What type of tissue are glands made up of?

A

Epithelial

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11
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of fibre in connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Reticular

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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14
Q

Which of the 3 types of muscle are voluntary and which are involuntary?

A

Voluntary - Skeletal

Involuntary - Smooth and Cardiac

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15
Q

Where in the brain are most of the sensations of the body actually perceived?

A

The Cortex

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16
Q

How many pairs of spinal peripheral nerves are there?

A

31 Pairs

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17
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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18
Q

What are the 2 main Functional parts of the nervous system?

A

Autonomic

Somatic

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19
Q

What are the 2 main Geographical (ie referring to where they are located in the body) parts of the somatic nervous system?

A

Sensoral and

Peripheral

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20
Q

Give one other word that you could use for the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary

21
Q

Give one other word that you could use for the Autonomic nervous system.

A

Involuntary

22
Q

Which part of the nervous system ‘deals with’ cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands and blood vessels?

A

Autonomic

23
Q

Do somatic and autonomic neurones (nerve cells) sometimes travel in the same nerve?

A

Yes

24
Q

Why does the autonomic nervous system ‘want’ to maintain a constant internal environment?

A

It needs to control body temperature and to help control and regulate organ function, emotional states and responses.

25
Q

Do some organs/tissues have both somatic and autonomic nerves attached to them - if so give an example.

A

Yes
The diaphragm (Inter-costal muscles)
Lungs

26
Q

Under what conditions is the parasympathetic NS dominant?

A

Unstressful - Rest and Digest

27
Q

Under what conditions is the sympathetic NS dominant?

A

Stressful

Fight or Flight

28
Q

What do catabolic reaction do in the body?

A

They break down large molecules to release energy.

29
Q

From what part of the spinal cord do sympathetic motor neurone emerge?

A

T1 - L2

The rib area

30
Q

Do sympathetic motor neurones get to all 31 spinal nerves?

A

Yes

31
Q

If the sympathetic NS ‘emerges’ from the ‘middle’ of the spinal cord, where does the parasympathetic NS ‘emerge’ from?

A

From the Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves S2, 3 & 4

32
Q

Specifically, where do parasympathetic motor neurones emerge from?

A

CR 3, 7, 9, 10 and

S 2, 3 & 4

33
Q

In the parasympathetic NS, where are the joins (synapses) between the pre-ganglionic motor neurones and the post-ganglion motor neurones?

A

In the target organs

34
Q

In the parasympathetic NS are the post ganglionic neurones very long or very short?

A

Very short

35
Q

In the parasympathetic NS up which cranial nerves do the physiological and stretch sensations go?

A

CR 9 & 10

36
Q

What is the proper term for the ‘brain of the gut’?

A

The Enteric Nervous System

37
Q

Does the enteric NS always act independently of the autonomic NS?

A

No

38
Q

What is the point of digestion?

A

To break down food molecules (1) so that they can get through the cells of the gut wall, (2) and into the blood vessels (3) so that they can get into all the cells of the body, (4) to provide energy there, in the cells by breaking the bond (5) to provide raw materials so that broken bits of the molecules are used by the cell walls (6) for cells to grow and repair (7) to do their job (8)

39
Q

What is the difference between digestion and absorption?

A

Digestion is breaking down food

Absorption is going through the gut wall.

40
Q

Why is the oesophagus lines with mucus cells and stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Mucus is there to act as a lubricant to help food go down.

Epithelium is there to quickly replace dead/worn out cells, from when the food brushes past.

41
Q

What causes heartburn?

A

When the stomach sphincter can’t close properly the stomach leaks acid which can cause irritation and the acid reflexes back into the oesophagus.

42
Q

What sort of molecules does the stomach mainly digest?

A

Proteins

43
Q

What protects the stomach from the acid it secretes?

A

Mucus

44
Q

What is the most common cause of an ulcer?

A

The bacteria - Heliobacter Pylori

45
Q

Where are the bile salts made and what do they do?

A

Bike salts are made in the live and they are stored in the gallbladder.
They emulsify fats and make small intestine alkaline.

46
Q

State 4 functions of the liver.

A

Forms non-toxic urea from waste products.
Makes bile.
Makes plasma protein.
Modified process of digestion.
Detoxifies proteins.
Makes the blood clotting enzyme, Fibrinogen.

47
Q

What are the two main jobs of the large intestine?

A

It removes water and salts.

48
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Swollen veins in the rectal anus.

49
Q

What causes diverticulitis?

A

With age, muscles lining the bowel wall weaken and fecal matter gets trapped in pouches and bacteria build up there causing infection and inflammation.

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