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APP 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte? (1)

A

Immature/mature bone cell

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2
Q

Draw a long bone and label the following on it: epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, periosteum (8)

A

Epiphysis - End of Bone / Diaphysis - Middle of Bone
Metaphysis - Between Middle and End
Epiphyseal line- Growth line at end of bone
Compact bone - Around the Medullary cavity / Medullary cavity - ‘hollow’ center
Spongy bone - In the end / Periosteum - ‘skin’ surrounding

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3
Q

What is the matrix made of in bone – material and % ? (3)

A

25% protein fibres
25% water
50% crystallised mineral salts

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4
Q

What’s the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte? (2)

A

Blast lays down bone, Cyte maintains it

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5
Q

What is an osteoclast? (1)

A

A cell that dissolves bone

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6
Q

What are the 2 main minerals in bone? (2)

A

Calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate

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7
Q

Where does the hardness come from in bone and where does the strength & flexibility come from? (2)

A

Mineral salts and protein fibres

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8
Q

What is the epiphyseal (growth) plate? (1)

A

A line of hyaline cartilage in the bone from which the bone grows

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9
Q

Why do we stop growing at adolescence ? (1)

A

The epiphyseal plate ossifies

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10
Q

What causes the epiphyseal plate to ossify? (1)

A

Hormones, particularly oestrogens

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11
Q

What are the 4 main types of cells in red bone marrow? (4)

A

Rbc’s
Wbc’s
Adipocytes
Fibroblasts

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12
Q

Give 2 possible causes of giantism (2)

A

Oversecretion of human growth hormone (pituitary),

Lack of oestrogen/receptors so plate doesn’t close

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13
Q

Give 3 possible cause of shorter stature (3)

A

Under secretion of human growth hormone (pituitary), or thyroid hormone, or genetic

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14
Q

In 10 words or less, what happens in bone remodelling? (2)

A

Osteoclasts dissolve bone and osteoblasts simultaneously rebuild it

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15
Q

What is an open fracture? (1)

A

Bone protrudes

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16
Q

What is a comminuted fracture? (1)

A

Splinters

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17
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?(1)

A

One side broken, other side bends

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18
Q

What is an impacted fracture? (1)

A

One side driven into other side

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19
Q

What is a Pott’s fracture? (1)

A

Fracture of far end of fibula

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20
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture? (1)

A

Fracture of far end of radius and displaced posteriorly

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21
Q

What is a stress fracture ? (1)

A

Microscopic fissures in bone due to repeated stress eg jumping or osteoporosis

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22
Q

Where is 99% of the body’s calcium stored? (1)

A

In bone

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23
Q

Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to increase resulting in less calcium in bone and more in blood ? (1)

A

Parathyroid

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24
Q

Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to decrease resulting in more calcium in bone and less in blood ? (1)

A

Calcitonin

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25
What is the effect of mechanical stress on bone? (1)
It makes it lay down more bone
26
Why is bone resorption more marked in women? (1)
Because of the reduction in sex hormones after the menopause
27
What is the condition called in which bone resorption is greater than bone deposition? (1)
Osteoporosis
28
What causes Rickets? (1)
Failure of the bones to calcify
29
What is another name for ‘adult Rickets’
Osteomalacia
30
What causes osteoarthritis? (2)
Mechanical stress wearing down cartilage
31
What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis? (2)
Autoimmune inflammation – wbc’s attacking own cells
32
Can bone get an infection? (1)
Yes – osteomyelitis
33
What causes gout? (1)
Sodium urate crystals
34
What are the 3 types of muscle? (3)
Skeletal (striated, voluntary) Smooth (involuntary) Cardiac (involuntary)
35
What are the 2 main proteins involved in the sliding filament mechanism? (2)
Actin, myosin
36
What causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell to open, releasing calcium ions which make the filaments slide and the muscle contract? (1)
A nerve impulse
37
What is the name of the place where a nerve cell attaches to a muscle cell? (1)
Neuromuscular junction
38
What is the generic name for the type of molecule that the nerve cell releases that causes the muscle to contract? Give one example (2)
Neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
39
What give muscles their tone? (1)
The firing of muscle fibres
40
If you cut the nerve supply to a muscle what happens to its tone? (1)
It goes flaccid
41
Where does the energy in the ATP that powers the muscle come from? (1)
Energy bonds in food molecules
42
What is the cell’s preferred molecule for splitting for energy? (1)
Glucose
43
What is the molecule to which the energy from the food is transferred for storage? What does this turn that molecule into? (2)
ADP, ATP
44
The bonds in food molecules are ‘broken’ by burning in oxygen inside the cell. Where does the oxygen come from? (2)
a) Breathed into lungs, transferred to blood, transported to cells b) Myoglobin in muscle cells
45
What are the 2 types of muscle contraction? (2)
Isotonic, isometric
46
Which type of muscle contraction does not involve a change of length? (1)
Isometric
47
Give 2 reasons why muscles become shorter and stiffer if we don’t stretch (2)
Less elastic and more inelastic fibres laid down in Connective tissue in muscle Cross bridges form between actin & myosin
48
What is another name for the voluntary part of the Nervous System? (1)
Somatic
49
What is another name for the involuntary part of the Nervous System? (1)
Autonomic
50
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic Nervous System called? (2)
Parasympathetic, sympathetic
51
Why are there no stripes in smooth muscle? (1)
Because the actin & myosin are not arranged in parallel rows as they are in striped muscle
52
Is smooth muscle contraction slower and longer lasting than skeletal muscle contraction? (1)
Yes
53
What’s the big thing about cardiac muscle? (1)
It’s autorhythmic
54
With age, muscle tissue is replaced by 2 other types of tissue, what are they? (2)
Fibrous CT & adipose CT
55
Which end of a muscle is the origin? (1)
The end that attaches to a stationary bone
56
Which end of a muscle is the insertion? (1)
The end that attaches to a moving bone
57
How does a muscle attach to a bone? (1)
Via a tendon
58
What is the prime mover, and what is another name for it? (2)
The muscle that brings about the desired action, agonist
59
What is the name of the muscle that relaxes as the agonist contracts? (1)
Antagonist
60
Name an agonist and antagonist pair (2)
Biceps brachii, triceps
61
What are muscles which help the agonist work more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement called? (1)
Synergists
62
What is a spasm? (1)
A single muscle contracting involuntarily
63
When does a spasm become a cramp? (1)
When it’s painful
64
What is a tic? (1)
Spasmodic, invol twitching, often of eye or face muscles
65
What is a tremor? (4)
Rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction, causing quivering/shaking
66
What is fasciculation? (4)
Involuntary, brief muscle twitch visible under skin, irreg, assoc with MS & ALS
67
What is a fibrillation? (4)
Spontaneous, irregular contraction of single muscle fiber under skin only visible with emg
68
What is myasthaenia gravis and what causes it? (3)
Weak muscles caused by autoantibodies blocking receptor sites on muscles

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