APP 5

Question 1

What are lymphatic vessels

Answer 1

A system of blind ended vessels that sit between the arterial and venous system and take back the 15% of the plasma that leaves the capillaries that the venules don’t take back

Question 2

What are the 3 main components of the fluid that comes out of the capillaries to bathe the cells

Answer 2

Nutrients, oxygen, water

Question 3

What % of the fluid that comes out of the capillaries gets back to the heart via the lymph vessels?

Answer 3

15%

Question 4

How does the rest get back to the heart?

Answer 4

Via the venules and veins

Question 5

Roughly how many lymph nodes are there?

Answer 5

600

Question 6

Why can large molecules and fats get into lymph vessels but not capillaries?

Answer 6

Because the gaps in the lymph vessel walls are bigger and overlap

Question 7

Where does the lymph system drain back into the cardiovascular system?

Answer 7

Right & Left subclavian veins

Question 8

Which subclavian vein drains all the left and part of the right sides of the body?

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

What are the two ‘pumps’ that help get lymph fluid back up to the heart?

Answer 9

Skeletal pump & respiratory pump

Question 10

Where are pluripotent stem cells found?

Answer 10

Bone marrow

Question 11

Which kind of cells are ‘educated’ in the thymus gland?

Answer 11

T cells

Question 12

Why do nodes swell when you get an infection?

Answer 12

B & T cells multiply

Question 13

What does the spleen contain?

Answer 13

Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Connective Tissue

Question 14

What are the tonsils?

Answer 14

Masses of wbcs

Question 15

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 15

Drainage - 15% of plasma that leaves the capillaries
Transport dietary lipids ADEK and fat soluable vitamins
Immune response

Question 16

What are the 2 types of Resistance to Disease (Immunity)?

Answer 16

Specific (Adaptive)
Non specific (Innate)

Question 17

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells involved in specific immunity?

Answer 17

B & T Cells

Question 18

What are the first and second lines of defense in innate immunity?

Answer 18

Preventing things entering the body

Dealing with them after entry

Question 19

What are interferons and what do they do?

Answer 19

Proteins produced by wbc’s that destroy viruses

Question 20

What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

Answer 20

Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling

Question 21

Why is fever a ‘useful’ response to pathogen invasion ie what effect is it supposed to have?

Answer 21

It raises the temperature of the host body to disrupt the pathogen’s homeostasis

Question 22

How do white blood cells recognise invaders ?

Answer 22

From the alien molecules on their cell surfaces

Question 23

What are molecules that generate an immune response called?

Answer 23

Antigens

Question 24

What are self molecules?

Answer 24

Molecules that all your cells produce that are unique to you

Question 25

What are the molecules that B cells make called, and how else could you describe them?

Answer 25

They are called Antibodies and can be described as 'guided missiles'

Question 26

What’s one way of describing how T cells attack antigens?

Answer 26

Cell to cell combat

Question 27

What is an allergic reaction?

Answer 27

When a person is over-reactive to an antigen to which most people are tolerant – it may produce an inappropriate immune reaction

Question 28

What is the endocrine system made up of?

Answer 28

Clusters of epithelial cells that secrete hormones (messenger molecules)

Question 29

What is the endocrine system for, and how does it do what it does?

Answer 29

To maintain homeostasis - the messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body relatively constant when things around are changing

Question 30

Why don’t all cells respond to all hormones?

Answer 30

Because only certain cells have receptors for certain hormones

Question 31

What happens when hormones reach the target tissue cells?

Answer 31

They change what those cells are doing

Question 32

Which other system, besides the endocrine system, maintains homeostasis?

Answer 32

Nervous system (esp Autonomic NS)

Question 33

What are the differences between the way the nervous and endocrine systems work?

Answer 33

Neurotransmitters act very locally, very quickly for a very short time Hormones act over a wide area, work more slowly, and last for a long time

Question 34

What 3 types of stimulus can make glands secrete hormones?

Answer 34

Nervous signals Chemical changes in blood Other hormones

Question 35

How is the secretion of most hormones controlled, and what is the one exception to this?

Answer 35

Negative feedback, oxytosin

Question 36

Which two major systems does the hypothalamus control?

Answer 36

Nervous system and Endocrine system