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APP > APP 5 > Flashcards

APP 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lymphatic vessels

A

A system of blind ended vessels that sit between the arterial and venous system and take back the 15% of the plasma that leaves the capillaries that the venules don’t take back

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2
Q

What are the 3 main components of the fluid that comes out of the capillaries to bathe the cells

A

Nutrients, oxygen, water

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3
Q

What % of the fluid that comes out of the capillaries gets back to the heart via the lymph vessels?

A

15%

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4
Q

How does the rest get back to the heart?

A

Via the venules and veins

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5
Q

Roughly how many lymph nodes are there?

A

600

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6
Q

Why can large molecules and fats get into lymph vessels but not capillaries?

A

Because the gaps in the lymph vessel walls are bigger and overlap

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7
Q

Where does the lymph system drain back into the cardiovascular system?

A

Right & Left subclavian veins

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8
Q

Which subclavian vein drains all the left and part of the right sides of the body?

A

Left

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9
Q

What are the two ‘pumps’ that help get lymph fluid back up to the heart?

A

Skeletal pump & respiratory pump

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10
Q

Where are pluripotent stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

Which kind of cells are ‘educated’ in the thymus gland?

A

T cells

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12
Q

Why do nodes swell when you get an infection?

A

B & T cells multiply

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13
Q

What does the spleen contain?

A

Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Connective Tissue

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14
Q

What are the tonsils?

A

Masses of wbcs

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15
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drainage - 15% of plasma that leaves the capillaries
Transport dietary lipids ADEK and fat soluable vitamins
Immune response

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of Resistance to Disease (Immunity)?

A 
Specific (Adaptive)
Non specific (Innate)
17
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells involved in specific immunity?

A

B & T Cells

18
Q

What are the first and second lines of defense in innate immunity?

A

Preventing things entering the body

Dealing with them after entry

19
Q

What are interferons and what do they do?

A

Proteins produced by wbc’s that destroy viruses

20
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling

21
Q

Why is fever a ‘useful’ response to pathogen invasion ie what effect is it supposed to have?

A

It raises the temperature of the host body to disrupt the pathogen’s homeostasis

22
Q

How do white blood cells recognise invaders ?

A

From the alien molecules on their cell surfaces

23
Q

What are molecules that generate an immune response called?

A

Antigens

24
Q

What are self molecules?

A

Molecules that all your cells produce that are unique to you

25
Q

What are the molecules that B cells make called, and how else could you describe them?

A

They are called Antibodies and can be described as ‘guided missiles’

26
Q

What’s one way of describing how T cells attack antigens?

A

Cell to cell combat

27
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

When a person is over-reactive to an antigen to which most people are tolerant – it may produce an inappropriate immune reaction

28
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Clusters of epithelial cells that secrete hormones (messenger molecules)

29
Q

What is the endocrine system for, and how does it do what it does?

A

To maintain homeostasis -
the messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body relatively constant when things around are changing

30
Q

Why don’t all cells respond to all hormones?

A

Because only certain cells have receptors for certain hormones

31
Q

What happens when hormones reach the target tissue cells?

A

They change what those cells are doing

32
Q

Which other system, besides the endocrine system, maintains homeostasis?

A

Nervous system (esp Autonomic NS)

33
Q

What are the differences between the way the nervous and endocrine systems work?

A

Neurotransmitters act very locally, very quickly for a very short time
Hormones act over a wide area, work more slowly, and last for a long time

34
Q

What 3 types of stimulus can make glands secrete hormones?

A

Nervous signals
Chemical changes in blood
Other hormones

35
Q

How is the secretion of most hormones controlled, and what is the one exception to this?

A

Negative feedback, oxytosin

36
Q

Which two major systems does the hypothalamus control?

A

Nervous system and Endocrine system

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