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APP > APP 4 > Flashcards

APP 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the point of the Respiratory System?

A

To get oxygen into the body which gets oxygen into the blood hence to all cells. Food molecules can be burnt in oxygen to break the bond to release energy for the cell and to remove Carbon Dioxide.

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps in Respiration?

A

Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
External Respiration
Internal Respiration

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration and where does it happen?

A

Burning of food in oxygen to produce ATP.

In happens in the cells.

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4
Q

What are the tonsils and what are they for?

A

Collection of white blood cells (wbc’s) which prevent pathogens entering the body.

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5
Q

What stops food going down the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

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6
Q

Going down, what does the pharynx turn into?

A

Trachea

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7
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

Around the Larynx

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8
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Mucus membrane

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9
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Right and Left Primary Bronchi

RPB + LPB

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10
Q

How many lobes are there in the right lung and how many in the left?

A

3 RPB

2 LPB

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11
Q

What structures lie at the end of the terminal bronchioles?

A

Alveoli

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12
Q

What is a pneumothorax and what causes it?

A

Inner (Visceral) Pleura membrane gets pulled away from the Outer (Parietal) Pleura causing it to collapse - aka a collapsed lung

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13
Q

How ‘thick’ are the alveoli?

A

1 cell thick

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14
Q

Are there wbc’s inside alveoli?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the 2 main kinds of fibres in the walls of alveoli?

A

Elastic

Reticular

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16
Q

Why do you need water to line the alveoli?

A

For the oxygen to dissolve into

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17
Q

Which 2 gases diffuse into and out of the alveoli?

A

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

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18
Q

What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration?

A

It goes down

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19
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic Nerve

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20
Q

What is Eupnea?

A

Normal shallow breathing

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21
Q

What kind of molecule is haemoglobin and what will happen to it if condition change too much?

A

It is a Protein

It would lose its 3D shape

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22
Q

What does chronic cigarette smoke do to the lungs?

A

Destroys lung capacity by destroying alveoli and collapses respiratory bronchioles leading to emphysema.

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23
Q

How may smoke contribute to cancer anywhere in the body?

A

Smoke contains carcinogens which are absorbed into the blood so they can get to any cell in the body.

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24
Q

What % of cases of lung cancer are due to smoking?

A

85%

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25
Q

What is the cause of Tuberculosis?

A

Bacterium m.tubercule

26
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

27
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Transports oxygen and food molecules broken down in digestion to all the 37 trillion cells where they’re broken down to release energy in their bonds and bring CO2 back.

28
Q

What % of the blood that leaks out of the capillaries returns via the venues?

A

85%

29
Q

What % of the blood that leaks out of the capillaries returns via the lymph vessels?

A

15%

30
Q

What are the 3 components of formed elements in blood?

A

rbc, wbc and platelets

31
Q

Where are the pluripotent stem cells located?

A

Bone Marrow

32
Q

How long do rbc’s live?

A

90-120 days

33
Q

Why can’t rbc’s repair themselves?

A

They have no nucleus

34
Q

Which digestive enzyme is made from haemoglobin?

A

Bile

35
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

36
Q

What is jaundice and what causes it?

A

Yellow discolouration of skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in blood

37
Q

What are wbc’s involved in?

A

The defence of the body

38
Q

How do wbc’s escape from blood vessels?

A

By squeezing between the cells that make up the walls of the blood vessels

39
Q

What do platelets (thrombocytes) do?

A

Help plug holes in blood vessels and make blood clot (haemostasis)

40
Q

Why do clots often form in veins?

A

Blood flows slowly there

41
Q

What does it mean to say that the circulation of the blood is a double circulation?

A

For each circulation of the blood round the body the blood goes through the heart twice

42
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Arteries

43
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood from the lungs back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary Veins

44
Q

What are the 2 main blood vessels bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

45
Q

What is the main blood vessel sending oxygenated blood around the body?

A

Aorta

46
Q

Name 2 things that may cause the blood vessels to become narrower?

A

Sclerosis

Congenital fault

47
Q

What is oedema?

A

Swelling

48
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Actual cardiac muscle

49
Q

What is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

When a group of cells other than the Sinoatrial Node (SN) become self excited

50
Q

Give 2 other names for an abnormal heart rhythm?

A

Arrhythmia

Dysrhythmia

51
Q

The first thing the heart does is supply itself - how?

A

Via the Coronary Arteries

52
Q

What is the number 1 risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Smoking

53
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Temporary lack of oxygen in the heat muscle

54
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Bulge in artery wall

55
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Heart muscle cell death due to lack of oxygen

56
Q

What may cause a heart murmur?

A

Leaking heart valves and blood rushing back from one chamber to another.

57
Q

Which part of the nervous system connects with the blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic NS

58
Q

What stops blood in veins flowing backwards?

A

Valves

59
Q

What is DVT?

A

Blood clots which form in the deep vein of the lower leg

60
Q

How does blood get back to the heart?

A

Heart contractions
Skeletal pump
Respiratory pump

61
Q

What are the 2 main factors affecting blood pressure?

A

Resistance to blood flow in vessels.

Total volume of blood in the system.

62
Q

What is Essential hypertension?

A

High blood pressure that is not dependant on another condition (“lifestyle”)

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