APP 4

Question 1

What is the point of the Respiratory System?

Answer 1

To get oxygen into the body which gets oxygen into the blood hence to all cells. Food molecules can be burnt in oxygen to break the bond to release energy for the cell and to remove Carbon Dioxide.

Question 2

What are the 3 steps in Respiration?

Answer 2

Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
External Respiration
Internal Respiration

Question 3

What is cellular respiration and where does it happen?

Answer 3

Burning of food in oxygen to produce ATP.

In happens in the cells.

Question 4

What are the tonsils and what are they for?

Answer 4

Collection of white blood cells (wbc’s) which prevent pathogens entering the body.

Question 5

What stops food going down the trachea?

Answer 5

Epiglottis

Question 6

Going down, what does the pharynx turn into?

Answer 6

Trachea

Question 7

Where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 7

Around the Larynx

Question 8

What is the trachea lined with?

Answer 8

Mucus membrane

Question 9

What does the trachea split into?

Answer 9

Right and Left Primary Bronchi

RPB + LPB

Question 10

How many lobes are there in the right lung and how many in the left?

Answer 10

3 RPB

2 LPB

Question 11

What structures lie at the end of the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 11

Alveoli

Question 12

What is a pneumothorax and what causes it?

Answer 12

Inner (Visceral) Pleura membrane gets pulled away from the Outer (Parietal) Pleura causing it to collapse - aka a collapsed lung

Question 13

How ‘thick’ are the alveoli?

Answer 13

1 cell thick

Question 14

Are there wbc’s inside alveoli?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What are the 2 main kinds of fibres in the walls of alveoli?

Answer 15

Elastic

Reticular

Question 16

Why do you need water to line the alveoli?

Answer 16

For the oxygen to dissolve into

Question 17

Which 2 gases diffuse into and out of the alveoli?

Answer 17

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Question 18

What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration?

Answer 18

It goes down

Question 19

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 19

Phrenic Nerve

Question 20

What is Eupnea?

Answer 20

Normal shallow breathing

Question 21

What kind of molecule is haemoglobin and what will happen to it if condition change too much?

Answer 21

It is a Protein

It would lose its 3D shape

Question 22

What does chronic cigarette smoke do to the lungs?

Answer 22

Destroys lung capacity by destroying alveoli and collapses respiratory bronchioles leading to emphysema.

Question 23

How may smoke contribute to cancer anywhere in the body?

Answer 23

Smoke contains carcinogens which are absorbed into the blood so they can get to any cell in the body.

Question 24

What % of cases of lung cancer are due to smoking?

Answer 24

85%

Question 25

What is the cause of Tuberculosis?

Answer 25

Bacterium m.tubercule

Question 26

What is pleurisy?

Answer 26

Inflammation of the pleura

Question 27

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Answer 27

Transports oxygen and food molecules broken down in digestion to all the 37 trillion cells where they’re broken down to release energy in their bonds and bring CO2 back.

Question 28

What % of the blood that leaks out of the capillaries returns via the venues?

Answer 28

85%

Question 29

What % of the blood that leaks out of the capillaries returns via the lymph vessels?

Answer 29

15%

Question 30

What are the 3 components of formed elements in blood?

Answer 30

rbc, wbc and platelets

Question 31

Where are the pluripotent stem cells located?

Answer 31

Bone Marrow

Question 32

How long do rbc’s live?

Answer 32

90-120 days

Question 33

Why can’t rbc’s repair themselves?

Answer 33

They have no nucleus

Question 34

Which digestive enzyme is made from haemoglobin?

Answer 34

Bile

Question 35

What is anaemia?

Answer 35

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Question 36

What is jaundice and what causes it?

Answer 36

Yellow discolouration of skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in blood

Question 37

What are wbc’s involved in?

Answer 37

The defence of the body

Question 38

How do wbc’s escape from blood vessels?

Answer 38

By squeezing between the cells that make up the walls of the blood vessels

Question 39

What do platelets (thrombocytes) do?

Answer 39

Help plug holes in blood vessels and make blood clot (haemostasis)

Question 40

Why do clots often form in veins?

Answer 40

Blood flows slowly there

Question 41

What does it mean to say that the circulation of the blood is a double circulation?

Answer 41

For each circulation of the blood round the body the blood goes through the heart twice

Question 42

What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs?

Answer 42

Pulmonary Arteries

Question 43

What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood from the lungs back to the heart?

Answer 43

Pulmonary Veins

Question 44

What are the 2 main blood vessels bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

Answer 44

Superior vena cava | Inferior vena cava

Question 45

What is the main blood vessel sending oxygenated blood around the body?

Answer 45

Aorta

Question 46

Name 2 things that may cause the blood vessels to become narrower?

Answer 46

Sclerosis | Congenital fault

Question 47

What is oedema?

Answer 47

Swelling

Question 48

What is the myocardium?

Answer 48

Actual cardiac muscle

Question 49

What is an ectopic pacemaker?

Answer 49

When a group of cells other than the Sinoatrial Node (SN) become self excited

Question 50

Give 2 other names for an abnormal heart rhythm?

Answer 50

Arrhythmia | Dysrhythmia

Question 51

The first thing the heart does is supply itself - how?

Answer 51

Via the Coronary Arteries

Question 52

What is the number 1 risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease?

Answer 52

Smoking

Question 53

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 53

Temporary lack of oxygen in the heat muscle

Question 54

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 54

Bulge in artery wall

Question 55

What is a heart attack?

Answer 55

Heart muscle cell death due to lack of oxygen

Question 56

What may cause a heart murmur?

Answer 56

Leaking heart valves and blood rushing back from one chamber to another.

Question 57

Which part of the nervous system connects with the blood vessels?

Answer 57

Sympathetic NS

Question 58

What stops blood in veins flowing backwards?

Answer 58

Valves

Question 59

What is DVT?

Answer 59

Blood clots which form in the deep vein of the lower leg

Question 60

How does blood get back to the heart?

Answer 60

Heart contractions Skeletal pump Respiratory pump

Question 61

What are the 2 main factors affecting blood pressure?

Answer 61

Resistance to blood flow in vessels. | Total volume of blood in the system.

Question 62

What is Essential hypertension?

Answer 62

High blood pressure that is not dependant on another condition (“lifestyle”)