Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APP > APP 6 > Flashcards

APP 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of? (2)

A

Clusters of epithelial cells that secrete hormones (messenger molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the endocrine system for, and how does it do what it does? (3)

A

To maintain homeostasis - the messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body relatively constant when things around are changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are the glands of the endocrine system called ductless glands? (3)

A

because they don’t release their hormones into ducts – they are secreted into the tissues and enter the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why don’t all cells respond to all hormones? (1)

A

Because only certain cells have receptors for certain hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when hormones reach the target tissue cells? (1)

A

They change what those cells are doing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 ways by which hormones can change what a cell is doing?

A

Fat soluble hormones switch on the gene(s) in the DNA that contain the ‘instructions’ for the ‘job’
Water soluble hormones bind to a receptor and act as enzymes that make the cell do its job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which other system, besides the endocrine system, maintains homeostasis? (1)

A

Nervous system (esp ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the differences between the way the nervous and endocrine systems work? (6)

A

Neurotransmitters act very locally, and act very quickly for a very short time

Hormones act over a wide area, work more slowly, and last for a long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 types of stimulus can make glands secrete hormones? (3)

A

Nervous signals
Chemical changes in blood
Other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the secretion of most hormones controlled, and what is the one exception to this? (2)

A

Negative feedback, oxytosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which two major systems does the hypothalamus control? (2)

A

NS and endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do most of the hormones released by the hypothalamus do? (1)

A

Make the pituitary glands release their hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary? (1)

A

Via hypophyseal portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do secretions of the hypothalamus get to the posterior pituitary? (1)

A

Neurones that start in the hypothalamus reach down into the posterior pituitary and release neurotransmitters, NOT hormones, which are stored there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? (2)

A

ADH and Oxytosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the stimulus that causes human growth hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland? (1)

A

Low blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effect does too much human growth hormone have on children and adults? (2)

A

Giantism and acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does too little growth hormone have on children?(1)

A

Pituitary Dwarfism (Lorain-Levi Syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the thyroid gland? (1)

A

Around the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which two hormones does the thyroid gland release? (2)

A

T3 is triiodothyromine (has 3 Iodine atoms)

T4 is thyroxine (has 4 iodine atoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main effect of T3 and T4 on body cells

A

Allows them to access more oxygen so they can produce more energy (inc BMR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List 5 symptoms of hyperthyroidism (5)

A

Increased heart rate, Fatigue, Weight loss, Heat intolerance, Xs sweating, Hyperactive reflexes, Tremor exophthalmos, Nervousness, Polydipsia (thirst), Increased appetite, Shortage of breath, Swollen neck (enlargement of thyroid gland - goitre), Bulging eyes, (eyelids retract and eye muscles inflamed – exopthalmos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the main hormone secreted by the testes and what does it do? (3)

A

Testosterone
Regulates sperm production,
Stimulates production and maintenance of male characteristics eg beard growth, deepening of the voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two main hormones produced by the ovaries? (2)

A

Oestrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 4 main things the female sex hormones do? (4)

A

Regulate the menstrual cycle
Maintain pregnancy
Prepare mammary glands for lactation
Establish and maintain the female body shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does prolactin do in women? (1)

A

Prolactin initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do the glucocorticoid hormones come from, and what is their overall effect? (3)

A

Adrenal cortex

Mobilising energy, responding to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes Cushing Syndrome ? (1)

A

Oversecretion of glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the main effect of Melanin Stimulating Hormone o skin? (3)

A

It causes specialised skin cells called melanocytes to produce the pigment melanin which protects cell DNA from UV light damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 2 main hormones released by the posterior pituitary? (2)

A

ADH, oxytosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 main things oxytosin does? (2)

A

Increases smooth muscle contraction in uterus to eject baby
Stimulates breasts to promote milk ejection
(ejection + production = lactation)

32
Q

What does Anti Diuretic Hormone do? (2)

A

Causes the kidneys to retain more water and decrease urine volume
Reduces sweating and constricts small arteries, raising blood pressure (hence alternative name, ‘vasopressin’

33
Q

What effects does reduced ADH have? (3)

A

Reduced ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb less water, leading to:
xs dilute urine
dehydration
extreme thirst (polydipsia)

34
Q

Where are the ‘hormones’ adrenaline and noradrenaline manufactured (‘trick’ question)? (1)

A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

Under what circumstances are adrenal medulla hormones (adrenaline & noradrenaline) released, and which part of the nervous system are they associated with? (2)

A

Stress, sympathetic

36
Q

From which cells is calcitonin released, and where are these cells located?(2)

A

Parafollicular, thyroid

37
Q

How does calcitonin reduce blood calcium? (1)

A

Reduces activity of osteoclasts

38
Q

Where are the 4 parathyroid glands? (1)

A

In the thyroid gland

39
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium? (1)

A

It increases the number and activity of osteoclasts

40
Q

Where are the 4 parathyroid glands? (1)

A

In the thyroid gland

41
Q

Where would you find beta cells, what do they secrete, and what is the effect? (3)

A

Beta cells secrete insulin which reduces blood glucose

42
Q

Where would you find alpha cells, what do they secrete, and what is the effect? (3)

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon which increases blood glucose

43
Q

Very briefly, what’s the difference between Type1 and Type 2 diabetes? (2)

A

Type 1, absence or shortage of insulin

Type 2, cells resistant to insulin because of lifestyle factors

44
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and what are the 3 main things it helps regulate? (4)

A

Aldosterone, blood pressure, blood volume, acidity,

45
Q

Where is the pineal gland, what does it release, and what effect does it have? (3)

A

Roof of the 3rd ventricle.

Releases Melatonin and regulates sleepiness

46
Q

What do the kidneys do? (4)

A

Filter the harmful waste products from the blood to form urine which is then excreted from the body.
At the same time, the concentrations of important molecules in the blood, including water, are adjusted to meet the current needs of the body

47
Q

Which 2 hormones do the kidneys release? (2)

A

Erythropoietin and calcitrol
(calcitrol involved in calcium homeostasis and bone density - released from the kidney via stimulation from parathyroid glands)

48
Q

Where does the urea and ammonia excreted from the kidneys come from? (1)

A

Break down of amino acids (from proteins)

49
Q

Where does the bilirubin in urea come from? (1)

A

Breakdown of haemoglobin in RBC’s

50
Q

Where does the uric acid in urea come from? (1)

A

Breakdown of DNA & RNA

51
Q

Which artery and vein supply the kidneys? (1)

A

Renal

52
Q

What are the 3 stages of urine formation? (3)

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

53
Q

What is the ‘functional unit’ of the kidney ? (1)

A

Nephron

54
Q

Which part of the nervous system is the detrusor muscle connected to? (1)

A

Autonomic

55
Q

What is the urethra? (1)

A

A small tube leading from the bladder to the outside

56
Q

Through which gland does the ureter pass in the male? (1)

A

Postate

57
Q

Which part(s) of the nervous system are the internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter connected? (2)

A

Autonomic and somatic respectively

58
Q

What is micturition? (1)

A

Another word for urination

59
Q

What is the inability to control micturition called? (1)

A

Incontinence

60
Q

What’s the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction and what’s the advantage of sexual? (3)

A

Sexual = splitting in two, asexual = combining characteristics of 2 parents, advantage = mix give variation which may suit changed environment better

61
Q

Where are the sperm produced? (1)

A

Testes

62
Q

What is the purpose of the scrotum? (1)

A

To keep the sperm cool

63
Q

What’s the really ‘different’ thing that happens in spermatogenesis? (1)

A

The chromosomes are reduced from 23 pairs to 23 singles

64
Q

What do the chromosomes contain? (1)

A

The DNA (packaged up as genes)

65
Q

How long may sperm last in the female reproductive tract? (1)

A

48 hours

66
Q

Why do sperm cells have a lot of mitochondria? (1)

A

They need a lot of energy to do a lot of movement

67
Q

Which cells secrete the hormone testosterone? (1)

A

Leydig cells

68
Q

Which 2 hormones together stimulate sperm production in the testes? (2)

A

Testosterone and FSH

69
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur? (1)

A

Fallopian tubes

70
Q

Where should the fertilised egg implant and develop? (1)

A

Uterus

71
Q

What is the endometrium and what does it do? (2)

A

Mucus membrane that feeds the developing embryo

72
Q

What are the mammary glands? (2)

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk

73
Q

What is oogenesis? (1)

A

How one cell in the ovary develops into an egg

74
Q

Which 4 hormones are released from the Graafian follicle (later, corpus luteum? (4)

A

Progesterone, oestrogen, relaxin, inhibin

75
Q

Approximately how many eggs mature and ovulate in a lifetime? (1)

A

About 400

APP (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions