Applications/Concepts for Intro to cells and macromolecules Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are the 7 requirements for life?
(GREESE HM)
Greese Hm
1. Grow and Develop
2. Reproduce
3. Maintain Homeostasis
4. Sense and Respond to Stimuli
5. Can Adapt to their environment
6. Obtain and Use Energy
7. Contain a common set of biological molecules
What was cell theory?
-robert hooke
1. concept that all living organisms are made of cells
2. cells are formed by reproduction of existing cells
What makes up modern day cell bio?
Genetics, Biochem, Cytology
What do all cells have?
(CELL has 4 letters, and all have 4 things in common)
- plasma membrane
- appearance, behavior, and function are dictated by proteins, and have the same 20 amino acids
- carbs serve as primary energy source
- genetic information is stored in DNA
What are main characteristics of Prokaryotes?
- small
- come in variety of shapes
- have no nucleus
- have little to no organized internal structure
- often have a cell wall
- replicate quickly
- contain cytoplasm, DNA, ribosmones
What are the two types of Prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
What are the main characteristics of Eukaryotes?
- larger
- can be single celled or part of multicellular organisms
- contains a nucleus
- contains organelles
What organelles do Eukaryotes contain?
Mitochondria/chloroplast, nucleus, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton
What is Fluorescent Microscopy useful for?
looking at specific components of a cell
-ex. plasma membrane, nucleus
What is Confocal Microscopy useful for?
providing greater resolution
How is GFP related to proteins?
the coding region for GFP is hooked up to the coding region of a protein so when the transgene is put into a host cell or organsim, it transcribes and translates the protein with the GFP
What is the difference between TEM and Fluorescence?
-TEM gives fine detail through resolution, but not specificity
-Fluorescence(esp. confocal) gives you specificity but not the same level of resolution
What is each element made up of and defined by?
a single type of atom
What are atoms composed of?
protons, neutrons, electrons
What is the atomic number determined by?
the number of protons
What is atomic weight determined by?
adding the number of protons with the number of neutrons
What does electronegativity determine?
the strength of pull an atom has on its shared electrons in a covalent bond
What is the strength of hydrogen bonds?
individually weak, but many H-bonds working together can be very strong
ex. holding together strands of DNA
What type of bond is the strongest and when do they occur?
Ionic bond is the strongest and occur when the atoms are fully charged
When can the weak interactions of hydrogen bonds occur?
when a molecule contains polar covalent bonds
What is the universal solvent and why?
water because it forms interactions with polar molecules and ions by surrounding them and pulling the polar molecules or ions into solution
-ex. dissolving salt in water
What are characteristics of hydrophilic molecules?
-water-loving
-can interact with water
-examples include DNA, RNA, most proteins, and carbs
What are characteristics of hydrophobic molecules?
-water-fearing
-molecules are uncharged
-form few or no h-bonds
-do not dissolve in water
What is Hydrogen Ion exchange and what facilitates it?
water facilitates it, and is when positively charged hydrogen ions can spontaneously move from one water molecule to another, thereby creating two ions/ionic species
