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Cell Bio > Exam 4 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 4 Terms Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Signal Transduction

A

The process of perceiving and converting signals into responses
-has 3 stages: reception, transduction, response

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2
Q

Reception

A

signal transduction begins when an extracellular signal is detected by a target cell

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3
Q

Transduction

A

the signal perception causes a conformational change in the receptor
-triggers a cascade of reaction in which the signal is transferred among several relay molecules
-relay molecules include ion, nucleotides and proteins

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4
Q

Response

A

the change in the behavior of a cell is the direct result of the signal
-can occur through changes in gene expression, enzyme activation/deactivation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, …

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5
Q

Extracellular signal

A

signal can range from proteins, lipids, and sugars to gases, light, or gravity
-the signal can be initiated by a signaling cell, or it can be something from the environment

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6
Q

Signaling Cell

A
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6
Q

Target Cell

A

contains receptor proteins that recognize and respond specifically to the signal

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7
Q

Receptor

A
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8
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

transmits long distance signals through specialized cells called endocrine cells, that generate and secrete large amounts of signaling molecules, and the signals are broadcasted throughout the body

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9
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

more localized signaling compared to endocrine signaling
-signals sent from one cell diffuse into the extracellular space, rather than enter a vascular pathway

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10
Q

Hormones

A

signals that are generating/secreted by endocrine cells, and are then broadcasted throughout the body

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11
Q

local mediator

A

the name for localized signals in paracrine signaling because they only act on cells near their origin

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12
Q

autocrine signaling

A

autocrine cells will perceive signals that they create themselves

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13
Q

Secondary Messenger

A

small signaling molecules that often help amplify the received signal in intracellular relay

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14
Q

Nuclear Receptor

A
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15
Q

Molecular Switch

A

proteins that are able to be quickly activated or inactivated by a signal
-when activated, they stay activated until another signal comes in to inactivate
-there are two main classes: add or remove phosphates, GTP-binding proteins

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16
Q

GTP Binding Protein

A

a class of molecular switches that toggle back and forth between having GTP and GDP bound
-hydrolyze GTP

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17
Q

GEF

A

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
-aids in regulating Monomeric GTPases(GTP binding proteins) by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP

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18
Q

GAP

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A

GTPase-activating protein
-aids in regulating Monomeric GTPases(GTP binding proteins) by helping the GTPase hydrolyze GTP

19
Q

GPCR

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A

G-Protein Coupled Receptor
-largest family of cell-surface receptors
-they bind very diverse types of signals
-general structure for all GCPRs is the same –>single polypeptide chain that contains 7 TM domains

23
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase

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A

One of the most common targets for G-proteins
-functions to generate 2nd messenger by catalyzing the reaction that converts ATP to cAMP
-usually activated by alpha
-once activated, the secondary messenger signaling will promote adenylyl cyclase until GTP is hydrolyzed

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cAMP
25
cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA)
a common target of cAMP -once cAMP activates PKA, PKA phosporylates many different targets, including lots of transcriptional regulators
25
cyclic AMP phospodiesterase
degrades cAMP -is ALWAYS active in a cell
26
IP3
1, 4, 5-triphosphate -type of 2nd messenger(diffuse to act of intracellular signaling proteins) generated by the cleaving of inositol phospholipids by phospholipase C -opens ligand gated Ca^2+ channels in the ER, releasing Ca^2+ into the cytosol
26
Phospholipase C
one of the most common targets for G-proteins, and functions to generate 2nd messengers -functions to cleave lipids in the membrane
27
Inositol Phospholipids
lipids cleaved by phospholipase C -are only present on the cytosolic side of the lipid bilayer
28
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
diacylglycerol -type of 2nd messenger(diffuse to act of intracellular signaling proteins) generated by the cleaving of inositol phospholipids by phospholipase C
29
CaM kinase (CaM phosphatase)
a common target for CaM -activated by binding to CaM/Ca^2+ complexes -can go on to activate a variety of cellular processes
29
Calmodulin (CaM)
one of the most common calcium binding proteins, present in the cytosol of all eukaryotes -when it binds to Ca^2+, the protein undergoes a conformational change, allowing it to interact with many other targets that have CaM binding sites
30
Protein kinase C (PKC)
partly activated by Ca^2+ -also requires interaction with DAG (at the membrane) to become fully active -has many downstream targets (similar to PKA)
31
Enzyme Coupled Receptor
bind a variety of signals, often local mediators -usually coded for by a single gene, single AA polypeptide -typically contain 3 domain --> Extracellular ligand binding domain, single transmembrane domain, cytoplasmic enzyme domain
32
Autophosphorylation
33
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
-largest class of enzyme-coupled receptors in animals -function in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and cell survival (often found misregulated in cancer cells) -different RTKs often use common downstream signaling molecules --phospholipase C, Ras
33
MAP kinase signaling molecule
triggered by Ras -3-kinase signaling module
34
Ras
a lipid-linked monomeric GTPase located at the membrane -activated by RTK -activated Ras triggers downstream signaling waterfall -triggers MAP 3-kinase signaling module
35
MAPKKK
the kinase that phosphorylates MAPKK
36
MAPKK
the kinase that phosporylates MAPK
37
MAPK
The last kinase in the module is mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)
38
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3 kinase)
activated by RTK -phosphorylates inositol phospholipids -phospholipids that are common docking sites for other kinases like Akt (or protein kinase B-PKB)
39
Bad
protein that promotes cell death when active -inactivated by Akt when phosphorylated
39
Akt/PKB
kinase that can both inactivate and activate downstream targets -phosphorylation by Akt inactivates Bad
40
Bcl2
-when Bcl2 is bound to Bad, it is INACTIVE -ACTIVE Bcl2 is required to prevent apoptosis
41
Tor Kinase
is indirectly activated by Akt -stimulates growth by enhancing protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation

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