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Exam 5 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

the toughest and most durable filament, made out of several strands twisted together like a rope, that form a network throughout the cytoplasm, surrounding the nucleus and towards the periphery

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3
Q

microtubles

A

hollow tubes with distinct ends
-once nucleate, they grow outward from the organizing center through the addition of tubulin dimers

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4
Q

Actin(microfilaments)

A

important for cell movement and are thin, flexible filaments, and present in all eukaryotes
-can be unstable(like MTS) but can be stabalized by interactions with additional proteins
-also important for functions that require protrusion of the membrane such as crawling, and phagocytosis
-in large numbers, can provide great strengths such as myofibrils in muscles

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5
Q

Plectin

A

protein that helps stabilize and reinforce connections between the different cytoskeleton filaments

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6
Q

Desmosomes

A

type of cell junction that connects membranes of neighboring cells and often is where intermediate filaments are anchored to the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Keratin

A

keratin filaments are a type of subunit of intermediate filaments and are the most diverse class
-found in every type of epithelial cell in the body
-typically span the interiors of cells from one side to another which makes a network of cabling that provides a lot of strength, even when stretched

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8
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

mesh-like network of lamin intermediate filament proteins that underlie and support the nuclear envelope
-disassembles and reassembles during cell division, and phosphorylation promotes disassembly

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9
Q

Lamin

A

type of intermediate filament protein that underlies the nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Tubulin

A

subunit that make up microtubules
-made up of two similar globular proteins, alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin(these are held together by non-covalent interactions)

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11
Q

Protofilament

A

made up of tubulin dimers(alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin)
-13 parallel protofilaments make up a hollow microtubule

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12
Q

microtubule minus ends

A

the minus end is the alpha-tubulin end
-where tubulin dimers are more likely to be lost

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13
Q

Microtubule plus ends

A

the plus end is the beta-tubulin end
-where tubulin dimers are usually added to a growing mictrotubule

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14
Q

centrosome

A

in animals(absent in plants)–the specialized organizing center that regulate the location, number, and orientation of the microtubules
-microtubules grow out of this center

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15
Q

centriole

A

a pair of centrioles are present in each centrosome and are surrounded by a protein matrix(like a bubble)

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16
Q

dynamic instability

A

microtubules often go through dynamic instability which is the sudden switching from polymerization to depolymerization(without warning the microtubules can suddenly lose tubulin dimers from the plus end, causing shrinkage and the microtubule can either start growing again or completely collapse
-is preventable if the plus end can be capped

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17
Q

vincristine

A

type of microtubule-specific drug that binds tubulin dimers and prevents their depolymerization
-same function as vinblastine

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18
Q

vinblastine

A

type of microtubule-specific drug that binds tubulin dimers and prevents their depolymerization
-same function as vincristine

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19
Q

colchicane

A

type of microtubule-specific drug that binds tubulin dimers and prevents their polymerization
-same function as colcemid

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20
Q

taxol

A

type of microtubule specific drug that binds and stabilizes microtubules

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21
Q

motor protein

A

typically made up of dimers that each contain a globular ATP-binding head and long tail that drive the movement of vesicles and small organelles along cytoskeletal filaments

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22
Q

dynein

A

class of motor protein that can only move towards the minus end of the microtubule

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23
Q

kinesin

A

type of motor protein that can only move towards the plus end of the microtubule

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24
Q

cilia

A

hair-like projections covered by a plasma membrane and extend from the surface of many eukaryotic cells
-function to move fluid over the surface of the cell

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25
flagella
long projection that have similar internal structure as cilia, but its function is instead designed to move the entire cell
26
actin monomer
attach end to end to form a strand -two strands twist around each other in a helix
27
actin plus end
where actin is more likely to be added
28
actin minus end
where actin is lost
29
treadmilling
the result of an intermediate amount of actin to be present after actin filaments nucleate, which creates filaments that stay the same size due to the ATP-actin being added to the plus end at a rate that is equal to the loss of ADP actin at the minus end
30
cytochalasin
compound that can inhibit actin polymerization
31
latrunculin
compound that can inhibit actin polymerization
32
phalloidin
stabilizes actin filaments
33
formins
34
ARPs
actin-related proteins -promote formation of branched actin filaments -bind to sides of existing actin filaments and nucleate new filaments in different direction which helps control shape of the lamellipodia
35
thymosin
36
profilin
37
lamellipodia
protrusions formed as sheet-like projections that adhere to the surface using proteins complexes that help attach
38
filopodia
protrusions formed as thin, stiff projections that adhere to the surface using proteins complexes that help attach
39
Rho GTPase
type of family protein that typically target the ARP, and other actin-binding proteins
40
Myosin I
smaller, tail changes based on different type of myosin I which allows it to carry different cargo
41
myosin II
longer, and form as dimers with the tails forming a coiled-coil
42
myosin II filaments
clusters of Myosin II dimers , with myosin heads pointing in opposite directions away from the center -myosin heads on these filaments interact with actin filaments on either side and can slide the filaments
43
Sacromere
a contractile unit (z disc to z disc)
43
Z disc
structure that actin plus ends are attached to
44
cell cycle
process where cell duplicate its contents, then splits -consists of 4 stages: M(mitosis and cytokinesis), G1, S(synthesis), G2
45
interphase
made up of 3 stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2
46
cell cycle control system
complex network of regulatory proteins that make sure each steo only occurs after the previous step has been completed, coordinating the progression into each stage of the cell cycle -controlled by 3 checkpoints: G1-->S, G2-->M, M checkpoint
47
cyclin
special proteins where kinases that control cell cycle can be activated when they bind to it
47
cyclin dependent kinase
kinase that is also cdks -controls cell cycle, and is always present in all dividing cells, but only activated when they bind to cyclins
48
M cyclin
helps regulate G2-->M transition -also forms a complex with M-Cdk
49
Mcdk
regulates entry into M-phase in a switch-like way -mcdk/m-cyclin complexes accumulate throughout G2, but are not activated until inhibitory phosphates are removed by cdc25 -activated m-cdk function in a positive feedback loop by activating additional cdc25 proteins
50
Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)
is the M-Cdk and M cyclin complex
51
APC
anaphase-promoting complex -helps degrade M and S cyclins -adds ubiquitin chains to cyclins, which targets them for degradation
52
Cdc25
removes inhibitory phosphates in the M-phase, which then activates M-cyclin/M-Cdk complexes in G2
53
Wee1
54
Terminally differentiated
cells that stop dividing differentiate and dismantle their cell-cycle machinery completely
55
Rb
retinoblastoma- protein that holds transcription factors in an inactive state, preventing transcription of cell proliferation genes(genes involved in the process of cell division and growth)
56
p53
in G1: is activated when DNA damage is detected -promotes transcription of p21
57
p21
an inhibitor of cyclin-cdk complexes -transcription is promoted by p53
58
ORC
origin recognition complex- sits on origins of replication
59
Cdc6
binds to the ORC and helps helicase bind
60
Condensin
protein complexes that help each sister chromatid wind into a more compact piece of DNA --multiple condensions aggregate to help wind DNA
61
Cohesin
protein complexes that hold together sister chromatids -assemble along the length of the paired sister chromatids
62
Aster
a radial array of microtubules and are initiated by centrosome -in the M phase- move to opposite sides of the nucleus
63
Kinetochore
a protein complex at the centromere of each sister chromatid -is where some MT's grab onto during prometaphase
64
separase
a protease that destroys cohesins during anaphase(helping to separate sister chromatids)
65
securin
holds separase inactive but is targeted for degradation by the APC
66
contractile ring
contains actin/myosin filaments that use the filament sliding mechanism to sever the cytoplasm in cytokinesis

Cell Bio (13 decks)

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