Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Question 1

What is fermentation?

Answer 1

Any desirable change that occurs to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth

Question 2

What are composed of known microorganisms that consistently perform specific fermentations that is used in commercial food and beverage production?

Answer 2

Starter cultures

Question 3

What are adverse changes to a food due to the action of microorganisms?

Answer 3

Spoilage

Question 4

How are cheeses made?

Answer 4

The acid produced by the bacteria during fermentation curdles the milk

Question 5

What is the major bacteria of Wisconsin involved in cheese fermenting?

Answer 5

Lactococcus lactis

Question 6

What are the two categories of food poisoning?

Answer 6

Food infections, food intoxications

Question 7

Which category of food poisoning entails the consumption of living microorganisms?

Answer 7

Food infections

Question 8

Which category of food poisoning entails the consumption of microbial toxins rather than the microbe?

Answer 8

Food intoxications

Question 9

What is the rate of food borne illness in the US?

Answer 9

1/6 Americans per year

Question 10

What are the primary location and secondary location of where most food borne illness comes from?

Answer 10

1-food service industry, 2-unknown origin

Question 11

What is the #1 culprit of food borne illness?

Answer 11

Norovirus

Question 12

What is the second most common cause of food borne illness in the US?

Answer 12

Salmonella spp.

Question 13

Which two bacterial agents of food borne illness grow at refrigerator temperature?

Answer 13

Listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica

Question 14

What is physical water pollution?

Answer 14

Presence of particulate matter

Question 15

What is chemical water pollution?

Answer 15

Presence of inorganic or organic compounds

Question 16

What is biological water pollution?

Answer 16

Too many or non-native microorganisms

Question 17

Why are waterborne diseases rare in the US?

Answer 17

Water treatment removes most waterborne pathogens

Question 18

What condition does norovirus cause?

Answer 18

Gastroenteritis

Question 19

What are the stages for the treatment of drinking water?

Answer 19

1 coagulation and flocculation
2 sedimentation
3 filtration
4 disinfection

Question 20

What is the term for water that is considered safe enough to drink?

Answer 20

Potable water

Question 21

Is potable water completely devoid of microorganism and chemicals?

Answer 21

No; the levels are low enough that it is not a health concern

Question 22

The presence of what substance indicates fecal contamination of food or water?

Answer 22

Coliforms

Question 23

If coliforms are present, what can that imply?

Answer 23

Increased likelihood that there are disease-causing microbes present

Question 24

What is the indicator of sanitary (or unsanitary) quality of food and water?

Answer 24

Presence of coliforms

Question 25

What is the water treated with in stage one of the cleansing process?

Answer 25

Alum - chemical that enables particles in the water to clump together

Question 26

What is the term for the clumps of heavy material that is grouped by alum in the first stage of the filtering process of drinking water?

Answer 26

Flocs

Question 27

What occurs in the second step of the filtration of drinking water?

Answer 27

Sedimentation - letting the water sit enables the heavy materials to fall to the bottom

Question 28

What are the three possibilities for filtration during the third step of the cleansing process of drinking water?

Answer 28

Sand filtration, activated charcoal, membrane filtration

Question 29

What is the purpose of the filtration step of cleansing our water?

Answer 29

Removal of microbes

Question 30

Which step of the cleansing process of drinking water involves the deactivation of remaining molecules?

Answer 30

Last step (disinfection)

Question 31

What are the three things used in the disinfection step of cleansing our drinking water?

Answer 31

Chlorine, ozone, and UV light

Question 32

What is the primary treatment of waste water?

Answer 32

Sedimentation

Question 33

What is formed from the first step of the cleansing of waste water?

Answer 33

Sludge

Question 34

What occurs in the secondary treatment of waste water to the "water"?

Answer 34

Aerated with oxygen to kill bacteria

Question 35

What is used to disinfect the water during cleansing of waste water during the chemical treatment?

Answer 35

Chlorine

Question 36

What happens during sludge treatment in the final step of waste water cleansing?

Answer 36

Anaerobic digestion of sludge followed by the methane being trapped and used for fuel

Question 37

What is the water called that LEAVES your house?

Answer 37

Waste water/sewage

Question 38

What is the water called that COMES to your house?

Answer 38

Municipal water

Question 39

What does remediate mean?

Answer 39

To solve a problem

Question 40

What is bioremediation?

Answer 40

To use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater

Question 41

What is bioterrorism?

Answer 41

The use of microbes and/or their toxins to threat or harm the human population

Question 42

What is agroterrorism?

Answer 42

The use of microbes to terrorize the human population by destroying food supply

Question 43

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is public health impact?

Answer 43

The ability of hospitals and clinics to handle the casualties

Question 44

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is delivery potential?

Answer 44

How easily an agent can be introduced into the population

Question 45

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is public perception?

Answer 45

The effect of public fear on ability to control an outbreak

Question 46

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is public health preparedness?

Answer 46

Existing response measures

Question 47

What are the diseases in order of greatest concern for being bioterrorist threats?

Answer 47

Smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic fevers

Question 48

Which bio safety level has pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy humans?

Answer 48

Level 1

Question 49

Which bio safety level deals with the handling of moderately hazardous agents?

Answer 49

Level 2

Question 50

Which bio safety level involves the handling of microbes in safety cabinets that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation?

Answer 50

Level 3

Question 51

Which bio safety level involves the handling of microbes that cause severe or fatal diseases?

Answer 51

Level 4

Question 52

What laboratory technique could be used by terrorists to create their own microbes or modify already known biological threats?

Answer 52

Recombination of DNA

Question 53

What are some positive things that could come from DNA are combination of microbes?

Answer 53

Vaccines, treatments, and pathogen-resistant crops