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Microbiology Exam One > Infection, Infectious Diseases, And Epidemiology > Flashcards

Infection, Infectious Diseases, And Epidemiology Flashcards

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0
Q

What type of microbiota in the body remain their for a person’s entire life?

A

Resident microbiota

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1
Q

What are the normal microorganisms found in our body that do not cause disease called?

A

Normal flora or indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

What type of microbiota remain in the body for a limited amount of time before disappearing?

A

Transient microbiota

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3
Q

What locations in the body are axenic?

A

Alveoli of lungs, CNS, circulatory system, upper urogenital regions, uterus

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4
Q

What does axenic mean?

A

Sites that are free of any microbes that are never colonized by flora

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5
Q

When does acquisition of normal microbiota occur?

A

Shortly after birth

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6
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Normal microbiota that can cause disease under certain circumstances

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7
Q

What are the certain circumstances that could trigger normal microbiota to cause disease?

A

Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in the body, immune suppression, changes in the normal microbiota

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8
Q

What are the three types of potential reservoirs of infection for pathogens to live for protection?

A

Animal, human carriers, nonliving reservoirs

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9
Q

What is a reservoir of infection?

A

A location where a pathogen is likely to be found to live before they infect a new host

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10
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

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11
Q

How can we acquire zoonoses?

A

Direct contact with animal or its waste, eating animals, bloodsucking arthropods

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12
Q

Who is usually considered to be a “dead-end host” and why?

A

Humans are more likely to get diseases from animals and the reverse is very unlikely

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13
Q

What is the reservoir for malaria?

A

Monkeys

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14
Q

What is the reservoir for toxoplasmosis?

A

Cat

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15
Q

What is the reservoir for anthrax?

A

Livestock

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16
Q

What is the reservoir for the bubonic plague?

A

Rodents

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17
Q

What is the reservoir for Lyme disease?

A

Deer

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18
Q

What is the reservoir for rabies?

A

Multiple but #1 involved with humans is bats

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19
Q

What is the reservoir for yellow fever?

A

Monkeys

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20
Q

What strategy is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease?

A

Isolation

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21
Q

What strategy is used to separate and restrict well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease?

A

Quarantine

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22
Q

How do microbes usually get to locations of nonliving reservoirs?

A

Contamination by feces or urine

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23
Q

Soil, food, and water are examples of what kind of reservoir?

A

Nonliving

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24
What is contamination?
The mere presence of microbes in or on the body
25
What is actual infection?
When an organism becomes established in the body that may or may not result in disease
26
What are the three main pathways used by pathogens to enter the body?
Skin, mucous membranes, placenta
27
What is the term for a route that isn't technically a portal of entry but a way to circumvent the usual portals of entry?
Parenteral route
28
What are the portal entries of the skin?
1 openings or cuts 2 hair follicles or sweat glands 3 things that can actually burrow their way into the skin
29
What must a pathogen be able to withstand when using the GI tract as route of entry?
Must survive the acidic pH of the stomach
30
What is the most common route of entry for pathogens?
Respiratory tract (nose, mouth, and eyes)
31
How may pathogens infect a fetus?
By crossing the placenta
32
What type of protozoan can cross the placenta?
Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis in humans)
33
What types of bacteria are known to be able to cross the placenta to harm the fetus?
Treponema pallidum (syphilis in humans) and listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis in humans)
34
What DNA viruses are known to be able to cross the placenta to harm a fetus?
Cytomegalovirus (asymptomatic in adults), parvovirus B19 (erythema infectiosum)
35
What RNA viruses are known to cross the placenta to harm a fetus?
Lentivirus (HIV AIDS) and rubivirus (German measles)
36
What is the difference between infection and disease?
Disease is technically the result of the infection if it alters normal body functions (also known as morbidity)
37
What is pathogenicity?
Ability of a microorganism to CAUSE a disease
38
What is virulence?
Degree of pathogenicity and how easy it is for the organism to cause disease
39
What is antigenicity?
The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses
40
Do pathogenicity and virulence refer to the severity of the disease?
No (example: you can be extremely virulent but only cause a minor condition)
41
Which is subjective: signs of symptoms?
Symptoms
42
Which is objective: signs or symptoms?
Signs
43
What is a group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition?
Syndrome
44
What are subjective characteristics of disease felt by only the patient?
Symptoms
45
What are objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others?
Signs
46
Definition of -emia
Pertaining to blood
47
Definition of -gen or gen-
Give rise to
48
Definition of idio-
Unknown
49
Definition of septi-
Rotting (refers to presence of pathogens)
50
Definition of -osis
Condition of
51
Definition of terato-
Defects
52
Definition of tox-
Poison
53
What is necessary for infectious agents to establish colonies after entering the body?
They must adhere to cells
54
What are extracellular enzymes?
Those secreted by the pathogen
55
What is the function of extracellular enzymes?
Helps pathogen maintain, invade, and avoid the body's defenses
56
Cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins are examples of what kind of toxins?
Exotoxins
57
Lipid A is an example of what kind of toxin?
Endotoxin
58
What is the function of toxins of infectious agents?
Harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage
59
What is the function of leukocidins?
Prevents the white blood cells from being able to digest the infectious agent and can even destroy them
60
What are the stages of infectious disease in order?
Incubation period, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
61
When is the incubation period of infectious disease?
Between infection and first symptoms or signs
62
What is the prodromal period of infectious disease?
Short period of generalized, mild symptoms
63
What is the most serious stage of infectious disease?
Illness
64
What is the illness stage of infectious disease?
When signs and symptoms are most evident
65
What is the decline stage of infectious disease?
Immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal
66
What is the convalescence stage of infectious disease?
Patient recovers from illness tissues repaired and returned to normal
67
How can pathogens leave the host?
Bodily secretions, blood, vaginal secretions or semen, breast milk, bodily wastes
68
What are the five groups of transmission of infectious agents?
Contact, vehicle, vector, airborne, and perinatal
69
What is the term for an inanimate object involved in indirect transmission of infectious agents?
Fomite
70
What mode of transmission of infectious agents involves a non-living middle man?
Vehicle transmission
71
Which mode of transmission of infectious agents involves a living middle man?
Vector transmission (can be mechanical or biological)
72
Waterborne, foodborne, or fecal-oral body fluids represent what kind of mode of transmission for infectious agents?
Vehicle transmission
73
What kind of mode of transmission of infectious agents by an arachnid or insect being a middle man?
Vector transmission
74
Mom to baby transmission is what kind?
Perinatal
75
What kind of vector in transmission only carries the pathogen?
Mechanical
76
What kind of vector in transmission serves as the host for the pathogen, as well?
Biological
77
Ticks and mites are what kind of arthropod?
Arachnids
78
Fleas and lice are what kind of arthropods?
Insects
79
How many pairs of legs do arthropods have?
Four
80
How many pairs of legs do insects have?
Insects (along with three body regions)
81
What is the most important arachnid vector?
Ticks
82
Are spiders arachnid vectors?
No; they do not transmit pathogens
83
What is the most important and most common insect vector?
Mosquitos (most important vector overall, too)
84
What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?
Incidence
85
What is the term for the number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?
Prevalence
86
What is the term for a disease that normally occurs at regular intervals with stable incidence within a given population or geographical area?
Endemic
87
What is the term for only a few scattered cases within an area of population?
Sporadic
88
What is the term for when a disease occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for an area or population?
Epidemic
89
What is the term for an epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent?
Pandemic
90
What is an index case?
The first victim/case of a particular outbreak of an infectious disease
91
What is involved with a careful tabulation of data concerning a disease?
Recording of location and time of the cases of disease along with patient information
92
What is a nosocomial infection?
An infection acquired in health-care settings (patients or employees)
93
What are the three subcategories of nosocomial infections?
Exogenous, endogenous, iatrogenic
94
What kind of nosocomial infection results from a modern medical procedure?
Iatrogenic
95
What kind of nosocomial infection involves a pathogen arising from normal microbiota due to factors in the health care setting?
Endogenous
96
What kind of nosocomial infection involves the pathogen being acquired from the health care environment?
Exogenous
97
What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections?
Hand washing
98
What is used to treat staph aureus?
Vancomycin

Microbiology Exam One (9 decks)

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