Applied Embryology

Question 1

What are the most common congenital abnormalities?

Answer 1

Congenital heart defects
6 in 1000
Neural tube defects 1 in 1000

Question 2

What are the effects of teratogens?

Answer 2

Intrauterine death
Structural malformations
IUGR/growth defects
Neurodevelopment dysfunction
Developmental delay
Carcinogenesis

Question 3

When is the teratogenic risk highest?

Answer 3

Organogenesis
Week 3 and 11
Functional or growth after week 12

Question 4

What is the teratogenic effect of Carbamazepine?

Answer 4

Low ears

Long philtrum

Question 5

What is the teratogenic effect of phenytoin?

Answer 5

Long philtrum

Lack of noze ridge

Question 6

What is the teratogenic effect of retinoids?

Answer 6

Microphthalmia
Absent ears
Microcephalus
CNS abnormalities

Question 7

What is the teratogenic effect of tetracycline?

Answer 7

Tooth enamel/bone deposition

Question 8

What is the teratogenic effect of Diethylstilbestrol?

Answer 8

Increased risk of clear cell cancer of vagina/cervix

Question 9

How is risk of fetal alcohol syndrome increased?

Answer 9

Binge drinking

Question 10

How does congenital rubella syndrome present?

Answer 10

Sensorineural deafness
Eye abnormalities (retinopathy, cataract, microphthalmia)
Congenital heart disease (pulmonary artery stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus)

Question 11

What are the teratogenic effects of hormones?

Answer 11

Cliteromegaly
Labial fusion
Cryptorchidism