Approaches Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
who is Wilhelm Wundt?
A
- “the father of psychology” 1879 Germany
- Set up worlds first lab for experimental psychology
- separated psychology from philosophy analysed workings of the mind in a more structured way, emphasis being on objective measures +control
2
Q
Who is Sigmund Freud?
A
1900, established the psychodynamic approach + influence of unconscious mind on behaviour. developed own therapy for depression “psychoanalysis”
3
Q
who is John Watson + Skinner
A
1913, behaviourist approach, criticised Freud + Wundt as should restrict itself to studying phenomena that can be directly observed + measured
- introspection =subjective
- believe all behaviour is learnt(through experiences + environment),
4
Q
Who is Carl Rogers + Abraham Maslow?
A
1950, developed humanistic approach. rejected behaviourism + psychodynamic approach, behaviour was not determined by individuals.
- importance of free will +holistic approach
- focus on positive aspects of individual experience+ personal growth
5
Q
what happened in 1960?
A
Cognitive approach, intro of computers, studying mental processes more scientific way than Wundts introspection. how mind works, basis of lab exp
6
Q
what happened in 1980?
A
Biological approach( dominant scientific approach in psychology) advances in technology/Brain-scanning (MRI scans) allow researchers to look ‘inside’ the brain to track activity
=increased understanding of brain+biological
7
Q
who is Bandura
A
1960,social learning theory, provides bridge between behaviourism + cognitive psychology
8
Q
what happened in 2000s?
A
cognitive neuroscience emerged
- distinct discipline bringing together cognitive +biological approaches
- Increasingly sophisticated technology
9
Q
What is Introspection?
A
“looking into”, examination into human mind using objective methods +examine conscious thoughts
10
Q
how does introspection work?
A
Subjects would be presented with stimulus/activity e.g. sound/image/ problem to solve. person consciously observing and being aware of their sensations and perceptions (in the form of thoughts and emotions),asked to report back how it made them think or feel
11
Q
evaluation of introspection? (+-)
A
+breakthrough, established as a science, exp highly controlled in lab, gave credibility
- not replicable, relies on subjective focus on individual sensations + perceptions, Wundt himself encountered difficulty replicating sessions of introspection
-early behaviourists (Pavlov) contributed more to origins of psychology than Wundt did, Behaviourist methods are reliable as features of science which is what Wundt intended but failed
12
Q
What is standardisation
A
When situational variables are controlled
13
Q
Weaknesses of wundts study
A
- less scientific = not directly observing anything, no empirical evidence
- lacks reliability = study replicated + results weren’t consistent
14
Q
Who was the psychodynamic approach developed by
A
Sigmund Freud
15
Q
What is the iceberg model
A
A = conscious mind -> everything you are currently thinking about
B = pre conscious mind -> everything you are not currently thinking about
C = unconscious mind -> what we can never access when awake
(A + B easily accessible)
16
Q
2 Key assumptions of psychodynamic approach
A
- Most of our behaviour is caused by unconscious mind
- Experiences in early childhood play key role in determining individuals mental/emotional state +outcome in life.
17
Q
What 3 parts is our personality made up of
A
Tripartite structure
1. ID
2. SUPER EGO
3. EGO
18
Q
What is the ID
A
Pleasure principle
- present from birth
- unconscious
- impulses + urges
- wants instant gratification
- responsible for most of our behaviour
19
Q
What is the SUPER EGO
A
Morality principle
- develops around age 5
- unconscious, Preconscious + conscious
- morals + following rules, can show approvals for doing so
- internalised sense of right +wrong
20
Q
What is the EGO
A
Reality principle
- develops age of 2
- conscious + pre conscious
- mediates + compromises between ID + SUPER EGO
- ids wild impulses need “taming”
- superego needs to be ignored can lead to self blame/excessive guilt
21
Q
Which personality is the most powerful and why
A
Unconscious = less powerful than conscious
ID powerful < EGO
in a healthy personality
22
Q
What is a defence mechanism
A
- used by ego to help balance between super ego + id
- unconscious
- provide temporary relief/solution but in LT psychologically unhealthy and damaging
- Work as a protective mechanism to face harsh truths/unpleasant realities.
- ensure ego is able to prevent us from being overwhelmed by traumas
23
Q
Name the 3 defence mechanisms
A
- Displacement
- Repression
- Denial
24
Q
What is displacement
A
Redirects ID’s impulses (strong emotion) towards something else (neutral person/ object) reducing anxiety
25
What is repression
Pushing away/down unpleasant memories into unconscious mind
26
What is denial
->refusal to accept reality of an unpleasant situation or event
27
What is are the 5 psychosexual stages
1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latent stage
5. Genital stage
28
Describe the first psychosexual stage + conflict
ORAL :
* birth - 1yr old
* mouth = focus of pleasure + instant gratification
* impulse to eat
Conflict -> can arise around breastfeeding (too much/too little)
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What is oral fixation
- overly dependant
- habits = smoking, biting nails, overeating, addiction
30
Described the 2nd psychosexual stage + conflict
ANAL STAGE:
* 1- 3yrs
* anus = main focus of pleasure + urge for instant gratification
* Impulse is to poo
Conflict -> can arise when toilet training
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What are the fixations of the anal stage
Anal retentive = nervous about using toilet during potty training
-neatness, perfection, organised
Anal explosive = keen to go toilet during potty training (freely)
- messy, chaos, insensitive
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Describe the 3rd psychosexual stage + fixation
PHALLIC STAGE
* 3-6yrs
* genital area is main focus of pleasure
conflict -> can arise and cause: Oedipus complex + electra complex
* Phallic fixation = over ambition, narcism, jealousy, anxious, impulsivity
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What is the Oedipus complex
= boys unconsciously become sexually attracted/ close to mother + jealous/hate/fear of father
- fear of castration = castration anxiety
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What is the electra complex
= girls become sexually attracted/close to father + experience penis envy
- fear losing mothers love but hatred towards her
35
Describe the 4th psychosexual stage
LATENT
* 6-12 yrs
* earlier conflicts become repressed
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Describe the last psychosexual stage
GENITAL
* 12 yrs + (puberty onwards
* genitals= focus of pleasure
* sexual desires become conscious with onset puberty
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Final fixation (genital fixation)
-> all stages successfully completed = sexually matured + mentally healthy
-> if not, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
38
Little Hans - case study method + findings
5 yr old, phobia of horses (dad)
1. Dad observed, wrote down behaviour + description of dreams
2. Hans curious about own penis, Freud believed he was in phallic stage
3. Hans sexually attracted to mum + jealous of father
4. Redirected unconscious fear of father through displacement (phobia)
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Little Hans - Evaluation (1+, 3-)
+ little Hans fit Freuds model of psychosexual stages
- case study -> results not generalisable to other ppl
- self report -> not based on any objective, empirical evidence
- non experimental method -> doesn’t test cause and effect
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Strengths of psychodynamic approach
+ Freud was 1 of first psychologists to investigate psychological causes for psychological disorders Psychotherapy enable people to come to terms with+ recognise the underlying conflicts/ trauma that result in defence mechanisms
* highly applicable to counselling for range of conditions e.g. phobias, sexual fetishism, anger issues
-> theory behind defence mechanisms good external validity
+ Freud's concept of the psychosexual stages has provided important insights into how early experiences can shape personality + behaviour, Some research has supported idea that oral + anal fixations are easily identified, can be traced back to childhood experience
41
What is psychic determinism
When repressed trauma in the unconscious mind determines our behaviour
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Weaknesses of psychodynamic approach
- psychic determinism, numerous possible alternative explanations for a person's behaviour other than them being fixated at a psychosexual stage e.g.
* someone who is needy/critical/addicted may have learned behaviour from parental role models - may have nothing to do with being breastfed (or not)
* extremely neat person may have autistic spectrum disorder or OCD
-> This limits the usefulness of Freud's theory
- conducted single-subject case studies (Little Hans), He made claims based on his own, subjective interpretation of their dreams/ phobias/fantasies which weren't checked/confirmed by another psychologist -> lacks scientific approach, is unreliable in terms of hypothesis testing not based on empirical evidence = aren’t falsifiable, lack population validity+ generalisability
43
Who was the behaviourist approach developed by
John Watson
44
Assumptions of behaviourist approach 5
* everyone is born a blank slate
* all behaviours learned through experience as we interact with our environment
* repeated behaviours become internalised +automatic
* psychologists should study observable behaviour only -> lab based, scientific methods only way of understanding human behaviour
* use animal research to reach conclusions about human behaviour, believe we use same learning mechanisms
45
What are the 2 learning mechanisms (principles of behaviourism)
1. Classical conditioning (stimulus-response)
2. Operant conditioning (reward + reinforcement)
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What is classical conditioning
Something neutral becomes associated with something that already makes you feel a certain way
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Explain the stages of classical conditioning
Before -> neutral stimulus = causes no response + unconditioned stimulus causes unconditioned response
During -> neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus (NS + UCS)
After -> neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus causing conditioned response
48
What is a neutral stimulus
When a stimulus doesn’t make you feel/ respond in a certain way
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Who did study support for classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
50
Ivan Pavlov 1903: outline study
Before -> neutral stimulus = bell Unconditioned stimulus = food Unconditioned response = saliva
During -> dogs formed association between bell + food as NS became associated with UCS
After -> conditioned stimulus = bell Unconditioned response = salivation
51
What is operant conditioning + types
Learn to associate actions with an outcome/consequence
1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. Punishment
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What is positive reinforcement
More likely to repeat behaviour, actions are reinforced by receiving a reward, positive consequence
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What is negative reinforcement
More likely to repeat a behaviour, actions are reinforced as smth negative being taken away, avoid/alleviate unpleasant consequences
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What is punishment
When a negative outcome makes you less likely to/deters you from repeating a behaviour
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Who did study support for operant conditioning
BF Skinner
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BF Skinner method
- lab experiment on rats
- 1 rat at a time placed in glass box containing different stimuli = lever releasing for + electroplated floor
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BF Skinner found
- rats learned to associate pressing lever with getting food (reward) -> POSITIVE reinforcement
- rats learned to avoid electric shock by pressing lever when light came on, making pain stop (avoiding punishment-> NEGATIVE reinforcement
58
Strengths of behaviourist approach
+ learning mechanisms can be used to develop psychological treatment
* classical conditioning= treat anxiety+ phobias by replacing negative associations with positive association
+ very scientific ->Skinners study +Pavlov = lab experiment, researchers can apply scientific method to research
* high internal validity, high control over extraneous variables
* high reliability, highly standardised
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Weaknesses of behaviourist approach
- overly reductionist, only focus on nurture side of nature - nurture debate, born with certain behaviours, inherited from parents
- highly deterministic (environmental determinism) says ppl are controlled by environmental forces, have little autonomy over their destiny, assumption negates the role of free will in behaviour
-> reduces the usefulness of the approach, seeing people in almost mechanical terms
Animal studies :
- lack generalisability to humans -> Humans are much more complex and sophisticated than animals and operate at a higher cognitive level
- unethical (cause harm + distress)
60
What is environmental determinism
Our behaviour is determined by stimuli and outcomes in our environment.
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Behaviourist approach assumes we don’t have…
Free will as behaviour is determined by environmental factors
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Assumptions of cognitive approach
-Psychology must study internal mental processes e.g. memory, thinking, attention. as behaviour can’t be directly observed in the sam way as biological processes (brain structure)
-Mind works like a computer (stimuli from environment = inputs) mind processes inputs then (behaviour = output)
63
What are the internal mental processes
= operations that occur in the mind, between stimulus and response, can be studied scientifically
1. Perception -> how mind senses stimuli
2. Attention -> how mind selects which stimuli to focus on
3. Memory -> how mind stores info
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Information processing model
Input/coding (environmental stimuli) -> processing/storage of data (LTM) -> output (behaviour, speech, thoughts)
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Weaknesses of cognitive approach 3
- ignores possibility that different pps mental processes work in different ways - ignores individual differences
- machine reductionisme.g. attempting to make direct comparisons between a computer and human mind seems artificial and forced, Human cognition is often unpredictable, multi-faceted + emotional; a computer is not designed in such ways
-> computer analogy has limited application to cognition
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Strength of cognitive approach 2
+ highly scientific = falsifiable, inferences based on observable behaviour, rely on empirical evidence, lab experiments = high control over extraneous variables
+ can be applied to understand + treat mental disorders (cognitive behavioural therapy), contributed to development of AI due to its use of theoretical and computer models
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mental processes have…
Limited capacity + occur in sequence but sometimes occur in parallel
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Schemas
A mental framework which we form our experiences
* affect expectations + behaviour
* different ppl have different schemas (unique)
* shortcuts which facilitate the speedy processing of information, stops mind from becoming overwhelmed by environmental stimulation
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What is assimilation
When new experience matches our schema, is incorporated/ assimilated into our schema
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What is accommodation
When an experience doesn’t match our schema, must change our schema
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Study support for cognitive approach
Bartlett 1932
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Bartlett 1932 method
* male Cambridge uni students
* told them Native American folk tale = “war of ghosts”
* asked them to recall folk tale to measure how many details they got wrong (story contained details that were culturally unfamiliar to the participants)
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Bartlett 1932 findings
Pps changed details to match own cultural schema as it was unfamiliar to Western 1930s perspective
Canoes -> boats paddling -> rowing
(left out unfamiliar names + places)
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What is cognitive neuroscience
= Study of which parts of brain are involved in different mental processes
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Emergence of cognitive neuroscience
Only possible when ppl invented technology to look inside the brain while ppl were alive allow researchers to explain the neurological basis of mental processes
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Example of PET scans which allowed researchers to explain the neurological basis of mental processes
Raine et al. (1997) found via PET scans that impulsive murderers under-utilise their pre-frontal cortex when making decisions
-> explain the nature of their unpremeditated crimes
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Methods used by cognitive neuroscience to detect activity in brain
1. fMRI = going into machine, gives pic of brain + which areas are active
2. EEG = wearing a hat, measures activity in brain
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Who came up with the humanistic approach
Abraham Maslow
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Assumptions of humanistic approach 4
- humans have free will
- each individual is unique, can never generalise results of experiment = no external validity
- scientific method should not be used to explain behaviour
- humans should be viewed holistically + not reduced to parts
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What is free will
Idea that humans aren’t controlled/ predetermined by internal biological forces or external factors
Have a choice to actions and behaviours
Humans are self determining agents that make own choices
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Maslows hierarchy of needs
1. Self actualisation = fulfilling human potential -> everyone’s unique so self actualisation in own way, best version of themselves (only possible to reach self-actualisation once all previous levels have been scaled)
2. Esteem needs = independence achievement, positive self image, autonomy
3. Love + belonging (social needs) = friendship, giving + receiving affection
4. Safety needs = security, stability, freedom, protection
5. Physiological needs = food, warmth, water, air
82
Who is Carl rogers
Humanistic psychologist, used counselling to help patients reach full potential + be happy
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Define ideal self, concept of self and congruence
Concept of self = what you think of yourself
Ideal self = what you would like to be
Congruence = ideal self matches self concept
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What happens if a persons self is not congruent and how could this be improved
- experience psychological issues ( sadness, anxiety, insecurity)
- benefit from humanistic counselling
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What are conditions of worth
What we think we need to change about ourselves to have self worth -> removing it helps patients achieve congruence
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What is the main feature of humanistic counselling
= unconditional positive regard as it removes clients conditions of worth allowing them to achieve congruence
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Evaluation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (2-, 1+
+ only approach in psychology which takes a truly holistic view of the individual, reflects the fact that reality is experienced on a subjective level by every single person (i.e. one's reality is unique to them, even the aspects of it that they share with other people), acknowledges great diversity and richness of human experience (i.e. we are not machines) -> idiographic approach is high in ecological validity
Limitations
- sense of vagueness + lack of scientific rigour, ideas behind the approach are difficult to operationalise and measure (e.g. at what point exactly has self-actualisation been reached and how can this be recorded or marked?)
-> lacks reliability + is too open to interpretation
- Maslow's hierarchy is generally only applicable to individualistic cultures
-> theory has only limited relevance + generalisability
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1 strength and limitation of Rogers client centred therapy
+ Roger's client-centred approach can be praised for its emphasis on the positive aspects of the person being treated, removes blame, guilt + shame from people who seek counselling (which Freudian therapy may not achieve)
-> form of counselling is likely to lead to a good rate of client retention and lack of client attrition, meaning that the approach can be viewed as a useful and valuable resource
- Rogers' approach is to some extent vague and imprecise, lack of precision and direction makes it difficult to know how a potential therapist would structure their sessions or access the ideas
A successful counselling session may then rely more on the skill of individual therapists than on the system itself i.e. a lack of consistency
-> limits reliability of Rogers' ideas
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Strengths of humanistic approach
1. Free will -> matches our subjective experiences of life
2. Roger Therapy = client centred therapy emphasises clients free will + subjective experiences
+ applied to develop treatments for mental disorders
+ ideas from humanistic approach also used in cognitive behavioural therapy today
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Weaknesses of humanistic approach
- can’t study self actualisation scientifically, based on abstract concepts eg congruence + self actualisation
- can’t be operationalised
- can’t be used to make predictions about behaviour
- can’t be tested for cause and effect relationship
- ignores biological explanations -> too holistic, can’t incorporate reductionist accounts of psychological disorders
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Biological approach assumptions
* biological factors (structure, function, processes) are main cause of behaviour
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Body is made up of … each containing …
Cells = 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell
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DNA is
= A chain of 2 or more nucleotides joined together -> set of 'instructions' determining individual characteristics
- each cell has exactly the same DNA
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DNA is divided into segments called… which control
Genes = control production of 1 specific protein
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What are Alleles
Different versions of a particular gene, explains why ppl look different
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What is genetic variation
= when a gene has different possible alleles
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Sex cells
Woman = eggs
Men = sperms
- contain 23 chromosomes until reproduction when egg and sperm meet making 46 in total
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What is genetic inheritance
When traits are passed down from parent to child
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What is a genotype
= Description of all genes + alleles in body -> inherited from parents
- set of genes that make up DNA
- determines physical characteristics (eye, hair colour)
- set/fixed at point of conception
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What is a phenotype
= Persons traits (physical + physiological)
- controlled by both genotype and environmental factors
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What do genes do
Control production of proteins = keep us alive + control our physical characteristics
Determine behaviour by affecting processes inside brain
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What has the bigger impact on behaviour
Environmental factors than physical traits
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Monozygotic twins
- identical twins
- share 100% of DNA
- come from 1 zygote which splits into 2 identical zygotes
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Dizygotic twins
- non identical twins
- share 50% of genotype
- come from 2 different zygotes
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What is the difference between shared and non shared environment
Shared = environment that a pair of twins have in common
Non shared = environment that a pair of twins don’t share in commmon
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What is concordance rate
= % of twins who share a characteristic given that at least one twin has the characteristic
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MZ + DZ twins have similar amounts of
Shared environment
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Twin studies Don’t include…
sets of twins where neither twin has the trait we’re studying
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When does genetic variation contribute to a trait
- If concordance rate for monozygotic twins is > concordance rate for dizygotic twins
- Bigger the difference in concordance rate, the more influence genetic variation has on the trait
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McGuffin (1996) method
Recruited bunch of MZ + DZ twins for which at least 1 twin has depression
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McGuffin (1996): found
* if 1 MZ twin has major depression, 46% chance other twin had depression too
Concordance rate = 46%
* if 1 DZ twin had major depression, 20% chance other twin had depression too
Concordance rate = 20%
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McGuffin (1996): conclusion
~ genetic variation contributes to depression as concordance rate for MZ twins was bigger that for DZ twins
~ environmental factors still play a role in depression as concordance rate was not 100%
-> major depression is partially influenced by genetics
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McGuffin (1996): limitations
- MZ twins might share more of their environment than DZ twins as they tend to be treated more similarly = bigger concordance rate in MZ twins might be partly caused by more similar environment
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What is evolution
= When species gradually changes over many generations
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What is natural selection
= When traits which increase chance for survival are passed onto future generations + species gradually adapt to their environment
* species genotype is determined by natural selection
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What happens after DNA mutates
Creates a new/different version of the gene, new gene allele is created can happen during reproduction
-> when it happens over many generations, more likely to survive + reproduce passing on allele to future generations
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How do natural selection/evolution shape our behaviour
-> causes have certain genes that control processes in Brain
-> processes in brain causes behaviour
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What is biological determinism
Behaviour is determined by biological factors, such as our genetics
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Limitations of biological approach
- overly reductionist = ignores social + cultural causes of behaviour e.g. levels of testosterone cannot alone account for a lack of prosocial behaviour, other factors such as personality and upbringing could explain this
- biologically deterministic, simplistic view = don’t have ability to change/improve
-> Not held accountable for behaviour / can be excused/ can be discriminated lacks external validity
- Some behaviours aren't advantageous to a 21st-century person e.g. aggression is, on a practical level, unnecessary for most people, don't need to fight competitors for food or grapple with dangerous predators daily, Being overly aggressive is likely to lead to police involvement and/or alienation from friends and family
-> evolutionary explanation of behaviour has limited usefulness
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Strengths of biological approach
+ help understand + treat mental disorders/genetically inherited conditions
+ very scientific = gather objective + empirical data
-> control extraneous variables
-> can test cause + effect relationship
-> standardised procedure = easily replicated
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Who came up with the social learning theory
Bandura
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Assumption of slt
Learn by observing others + imitating behaviour
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observation +Imitation
* observes the behaviour of a role model
* If behaviour is observed frequently the child imitates that behaviour
* The imitated behaviour is performed in different contexts
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2 Factors affecting observational learning :
1. Identification = ppl more likely to imitate a model if they feel similar to them
2. Vicarious reinforcement
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Vicarious reinforcement
When someone imitates model because the observe model’s behaviour being rewarded
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Vicarious punishment
Someone observes models behaviour being punished so less likely to imitate behaviour
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How is vicarious reinforcement more sophisticated compared to behaviourism
* involves a degree of cognition
* ppl are required to process what they've seen + imagine themselves gaining a similar reward for the specific behaviour
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Meditational processes + name 4
Mental processes that determine whether or not we imitate models behaviour
- attention = noticing behaviour + being aware of it
- retention = remembering behaviour + mechanisms involved in it
- reproduction = imitating behaviour, reproducing key features of it
- motivation = desire to perform the behaviour, the need to be rewarded for the behaviour
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Outline sample banduras bobo doll study
* lab study
* 3-6 yr olds
* 72 pps even girl and boys
* Stanford uni nursery
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Aim, iv and 3 groups of bobo doll study
Aim = whether children imitate adults who modelled aggressive behaviour
IV = level of aggression the adults modelled
1. Adults behaved aggressively towards bobo doll using pre determined standardised behaviours
2. Adult behaved non aggressive way
3. Control group - no adult/ model present
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bobo doll study method
~ Bandura asked nursery staff to rate each child's aggression before experiment
~ Bandura used nursery staff's aggression ratings to devise a matched pairs experimental design ~ An adult male/ female model was observed per condition (the models were not known to the children) with a large inflatable doll named Bobo
~ Each child observed behaviour of the model for 10 minutes
~ Each child was then taken to a room containing a Bobo Doll, aggressive toys such as a mallet and a dart gun and non-aggressive toys such as farm toys and crayons
~ pps were observed in the Bobo Doll room using a one-way mirror for a duration of 20 minute
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Findings of bobo doll study 4
- children more likely to act aggressively if observe adult modelling aggressive behaviour
- Boys were more physically aggressive
- Girls were more verbally aggressive
- more likely imitate behaviour if they observed model of same gender ( identify with them)
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What did Banduras second experiment test
Tested how vicarious reinforcement affects behaviour
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Banduras second experiment findings
Children more likely to imitate models aggressive behaviour if model received reward of sweets than if model received punishment
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Bandura strengths 3
+ well-controlled, standardised procedure -> replicated easily
Repeated replication of study means that results can be checked for consistency across time and using different samples, found similar results -> good reliability
+ High degree of control -> extraneous variables( toys, amount of time spent in rooms) controlled, high validity
+ results of Bandura's study fuelled much debate as to children's exposure to depiction of violence on television-> good external validity as it can be applied to settings + behaviours beyond the experimental space itself
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Bandura weaknesses
- Ethical issues-> lack of informed consent from pps + psychological distress for childeren (observing aggressive behaviour), Asking nursery workers to rate children's aggression is intrusive and may have encouraged bias
- lack of ecological validity ( may not generalise to real life) as Children do not 'learn' aggression in lab conditions; real-life violence is generally observed in familiar settings involving familiar adults
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SLT strengths
+ holistic model of learning than behaviourist approach -> accounts for role in Mediational processes in learning (some choice over their behaviour)
+ good application (use of token economies in prison or health settings), prisoner/patient is rewarded for 'good' behaviour with tokens, Observation of fellow prisoners/patients receiving rewards encourages good behaviour from others
-> good external validity
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SLT weaknesses
Bandura
- lack internal validity = EV not controlled -> matched pairs design, can’t match for every possible pps variable so some may not be controlled
- can’t use scientific methods to study Mediational processes -> aren’t directly observable, cannot make reliable predictions about observational learning
SLT cannot account for behaviours which are observed frequently and are not imitated e.g. a child who frequently observes domestic violence may never be violent towards anyone else
-> limited explanation of behaviour as it doesn’t acknowledge role of individual differences as a factor
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what is a paradigm
set of shared assumptions + methods, approaches to psych are each a different paradigm. in order for a discipline to be a science, it must agree upon a paradigm
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what is a paradigm shift
change in set of assumptions a science follows, advancing science forward
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give an example of a paradigm shift
cognitive revolution (behaviourism to cognitive approach)
