approaches Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
who is the father of psychology ?
A
Wilhelm wundt
2
Q
what institute did Wundt open ?
A
the institute for experiment psychology
- at the uni of Leipzig in Germany in 1879
3
Q
what did Wilhelm Wundt do to philosophy ?
A
he separated psychology from it
4
Q
how did Wilhelm Wundt separate psychology from philosophy ?
A
he did it by analysing the workings of a mind in a more structured way
- emphasis being on objective measurement and control
5
Q
what did Wilhelm Wundt believe in ?
A
reductionism
6
Q
what is reductionism ?
A
that consciousness could be broken down or reduced to its basic element without sacrificing any of the properties as a whole
7
Q
what did Wilhelm Wundt study ?
A
introspection
8
Q
what is introspection ?
A
‘looking within’
9
Q
was introspection the 1st experimental attempt to study the mind ?
A
yes it was
- include breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thought, images and sensations
10
Q
what was Wundt threefold aims for introspection ?
A
- analyse the content of conscious experiences
- determine how elements of the conscious mind are connected
- devise a law to explain such connections
11
Q
what did Wundt claim about introspection ?
A
that with sufficient training some mental processes can be observed
- memory
- perception
12
Q
what are 2 strengths to Wundt’s idea of introspection ?
A
- further investigations can be carried out as controlled settings
- replication is allowed in his research
13
Q
what are 2 weaknesses for Wundt’s idea of introspection ?
A
- conscious thoughts and mental processes can’t be measured and observed
- introspection isn’t accurate
14
Q
what decade did psychoanalysis emerge ?
A
1900s
15
Q
what year did behaviourism emerge ?
A
1913
16
Q
what decade did humanism emerge ?
A
1950s
17
Q
what decade did the learning approach emerge ?
A
1960s
18
Q
what decade did the biological approach emerge ?
A
1980s
19
Q
when did cognitive neuroscience emerge ?
A
eve of the 21st century
20
Q
what are the 5 different scientific methods in psychology ?
A
- replicability
- systematic
- objectivity
- theory construction
- peer review
21
Q
what is replicability ?
A
ability to repeat a study and achieve consistent findings
22
Q
what does systematic mean ?
A
phenomenon which can be observed, use scientific testing like using experimental methods with standard procedures
23
Q
what is objectivity ?
A
basing findings on facts rather than an opinion
24
Q
what is theory construction ?
A
offering a testable hypothesis which can be rigorously tested
25
what is peer review ?
process used to check the work performance by one's equal to ensure it meets the specific criteria
- being subject to independent scrutiny by other psychologist who are experts in the field which happens prior to publication
26
what are the 3 learning assumptions ?
- all behaviour learned from the environment so...if all behaviour is learnt it can therefore be unlearnt
-animals share the same principles in learning behaviour therefore...valid to study them
- behaviourists approach says we are a 'tabula rosa'...blank slate upon which experience is written on
27
what is classical conditioning ?
learning through association
- 2 stimulus are paired together to produce a learnt response
28
who first demonstrated classical conditioning ?
Ivan Pavlov
29
what did Pavlov reveal about classical conditioning ?
dogs can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell
if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time dogs where given food
30
what is a stimulus ?
any feature of the environment that affects behaviour
31
what is a response ?
the behaviour elicited by the stimulus
32
what are the 3 stages called that are involved in classical conditioning ?
- before
- during
- after
33
what happens in stage 1 of classical conditioning ?
UCS produces a UCR
- response isn't learnt, it is reflex
- also involves the NS but it doesn't cause a response
34
what happens in stage 2 of classical conditioning ?
NS is paired with UCS on a number of occasions
which creates the UCR
35
what happens in stage 3 of classical conditioning ?
NS becomes CS and the UCR becomes CR
36
when can you tell when learning has taken place in classical conditioning ?
learning has taken place when the NS elicits a response which used to occur when the UCS was presented
37
what are the 2 strengths of classical conditioning ?
- supporting evidence from Watson and Rayner's study on little albert
- practical application in aversion therapy
38
what is the 1 weaknesses of classical conditioning ?
it is reductionist as reduces complex behaviours
39
what is operant conditioning ?
learning by consequence/ reinforcement
40
what did Thorndike's (1898) describe about OC ?
- a behaviour resulting in a pleasant outcome tends to be repeated
- a behaviour followed by a bad consequence are not
41
what is Skinners' involvement in operant conditioning ?
he believed that the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the cause of an action and its consequence
- argues 'we shape the behaviour we require'
42
what is positive reinforcement ?
something pleasant which you receive for a behaviour which increases the likelihood of the behaviour happening again
43
what is negative reinforcement ?
the removal of something unpleasant which will increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening again
44
what does extinction mean ?
the dying out of a conditioned response by breaking the association between the CS and the UCS
45
what is spontaneous recovery ?
the return of a conditioned response (in a weaker form) after a period of time
46
what are the 5 things in skinners reinforcement schedule ?
- continuous reinforcement
- fixed interval schedule
- variable internal schedule
- fixed ratio schedule
-variable ratio schedule
47
what is continuous reinforcement ?
-pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction
-very low but steady
-very low- quickest way
48
what is fixed interval schedule ?
-pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction
- speeds up as the next reinforcement becomes as a pause after each reinforcement
- rate = fairly low
- fairly low
49
what is variable interval schedule ?
- pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction
- very stable over long periods of time can increase as time elapse
-very high- very slow and gradual
50
what is fixed ratio schedule ?
- pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction
- pronounced pause after each reinforcement but very high rate
- fairly low
51
what is variable ratio schedule ?
- pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction
- very high and very steady
- very high- most resistant
52
what is 2 strengths to operant conditioning ?
- research that supports it is skinner
- practical application for people struggling with their mental wellbeing
53
what are 2 weaknesses of operant conditioning ?
- some of the research like Skinner has ethical issues
- research can be deemed to lack ecological validity
54
what are the 2 strengths of the behaviourist approach ?
- influential in encouraging the use of animals as research subjects
- made important contributions to our modern understanding of human mental illness
55
what are the 2 weaknesses of the behaviourist approach ?
- many consider using animals in experiments as unethical
- criticised for its limits view regarding the origins of behaviour
56
how do we learn according too social learning theory ?
observations and imitation of a model
- proposes any behaviour is learned through direct experiences or by vicarious indirect experiences
57
what characteristics do the model of a SLT have ?
- reinforced for the behaviour
- identify with the model like same sex
- likely to be respected
58
when is imitation more likely to occur ?
if the model is positively reinforced
and if u identify with the model
59
do we believe we are able to imitate the behaviour which has been observed ?
yes
60
what is vicarious reinforcement ?
type of observational learns that occurs when someone imitates a model's behaviour after observing the model receive positive reinforcement
61
what is self- efficacy ?
the belief you have about your ability to perform a behaviour
62
what happens to the likelihood with a higher self-belief ?
you are more likely to imamate the behaviour of the model
63
what are the 4 mediational factors Bandura created ?
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
64
what is mediational factors ?
cognitive factors that influence learning and the likelihood of copying behaviour
65
what is the attention in the mediational factors ?
for a behaviour to be imitated it has to draw attention
- it influences if we imitate or not as some behaviours we observe aren't worth observing
66
what is the retention in the mediational factors ?
the memory of the behaviour needs to be formed to be remembered and performed later on
- especially as SL isn't always repeated immediately so it is vital to form a memory as needed to have a memory to refer too
67
what is the reproduction in the mediational factors ?
we are limited by our physical ability
- can't always reproduce the behaviour as limited as we would like to be able to imitate a lot of behaviour but not always going to happen
68
what is the motivation in the mediational factors ?
rewards and punishments that follow the behaviour will be considered by the observer
- if the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs that more likely to be imitated by the observer.
69
what happens if vicarious reinforcement isn't seen as important ?
the observer may not imitate the behaviour
70
what is a strength of the Bandura bobo doll study ?
it is was a highly controlled study
71
what is a weakness of the Bandura bobo doll study ?
it was carried out in an artificial environment
72
what is the cognitive approach is concerned with ?
how thinking shapes out behaviour
73
what do cognitive psychologist suggest for behaviour to be fully understood ?
the events within a person that must be studied
74
what are the 3 assumptions of the cognitive approach ?
- study of the internal mental process
- role of the schema
- use of the theoretical and computer models to explain and make inferences about mental process
75
what are 4 process that are within the internal process examination ?
perception
memory
attention
consciousness
- must be inferred from observations
76
what does cognitive psychologist believe about the internal mental process ?
it can studied in an objective way and that insight into mental processes may be inferred from behaviour
77
why do cognitive psychologists make use of theoretical and computer models ?
to enable visual representation of complex conceptual models
78
what does the study of the internal mental process assume ?
it sees humans as information processers
79
what is cognitve main concern with the internal model ?
how information is received from our sense is processed by the brain and how this processing directs how we behave
80
what do we infer behaviour from ?
information we have which is usually from experience
81
what is the internal mental processes ?
the operations which occur during thinking
82
what are the 5 operations that occur during thinking ?
- perception
- attention
- memory
- language
- problem-solving
83
what is the perception operation in the internal mental process ?
info from the eyes into a visual form
84
what is the attention operation in the internal mental process ?
how we choose what to think about
85
what is the memory operation in the internal mental process ?
how we store information to use in the future
86
what is the language operation in the internal mental process ?
how we construct sentences to communicate with others
87
what is the problem-solving operation in the internal mental process ?
how we construct new solutions
88
what is the role of the internal working model ?
perception also can be useful as we perceive a person in a specific way which can determine if you're more likely to get in a romantic relationship with them or not
89
what is a schema ?
a mental framework/ structure which contains knowledge based on experience and culture
- it organises information and acts as a guide to behaviour
90
when are schemas learnt ?
from a young age
91
how do schema's save time ?
they help make shortcuts when organising and interpretating new or large pieces of information rapidly
- therefore prevents us from being overwhelmed by environment stimuli
92
what happens once a schema is learnt ?
individuals tend to pay more attention that is relevant or agrees with their schema and ignore information that may challenge their pre-existing schemas
93
what type of bias can schemas be ?
attentional and selective bias
- as they effect what we notice
94
what happens to are schema's the more we get older ?
they become more sophisticated
95
how can your schema become refined ?
later in life experiences due to new experiences and interactions
96
why don't schemas necessarily represent reality ?
as they are often put together due to social exchanges rather than personal interactions
97
what is the halo effect ?
the tendency to allow one specific trait or overall impression of a person, company or product to positively influence our judgements of their other related traits
98
what information does children remember more ?
remember gender consistent information better than information that challenges their gender
99
what are the 2 bad areas of a schema ?
- can lead to errors in information-processing such as prejudice and discrimination as if it doesn't fit the schema it can be ignored or distorted
- tend to only attend info that fits their schema
100
what does the 3rd assumption say about computers and our minds ?
that are minds act like a computer and our minds processes act as a computer software
- human eyes sees, encodes and transform if into a decision
101
what is the theoretical model ?
simplified, objective and descriptive representations of how our minds might work
102
what are computer models ?
the mind is compared to a computer suggesting there are similarities in the way the information is processed and solved
103
what do computer models help explain in psychology ?
the different mental processes
104
what is the analogy of the mind which is compared to a computer ?
LTM= hard disk
STM= computers RAM
105
what is cognitive neuroscience ?
the scientific study of the influence of brain structure, function and chemistry on cognitive mental process as they're responsible for it
106
what have the the new rapid advances in technology allowed neuroscientist to do ?
study the living brain and localise areas of the brain associated with the specific cognition
- PET scans and FMRI scans
107
what do sufferers with OCD have ?
elevated levels of activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus
108
what are the 2 strengths to the cognitive approaches ?
- emphasis of employing scientific methodology
- many real world applications
109
what are the 3 weaknesses of the cognitive approach ?
- it uses inferences
- it is accused of being machine reductionist
- some suggest neuroimaging is correlational
110
what is the biological approach ?
the way of understanding human behaviour by studying the physical basis of the body, including the brain, NS, IS and genetics
- must look at biological structures and processes
111
what are the 2 assumptions to the biological approach ?
- evolution on behaviour
- genetic influence
112
do all are thoughts, feelings and behaviour have a physical basis ?
yes
113
what was the principle the Charles Darwin natural selection ?
any behaviour that benefits a species and helps it to reproduce will continue in future generations
114
can some animals be bred to have certain desirable characteristics ?
yes and in nature this process is natural
- it gives a species an advantage
- they survive and pass it onto their offspring
115
what is a genotype ?
the actual make-up of their genes
116
what is a phenotype ?
the way their genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics
117
how is the expression of genotype inevitably expressed ?
through environmental factors
118
why can identical twins look different ?
have the same genes but have been expressed differently through their phenotype
119
what do many biopsychologist believe about human behaviour ?
that it depends on interactions between inherited factors (nature) and the environment (nuture)
120
what are monozygotic twins ?
100% identical genes
- 1 egg fertilised
121
what are dizygotic twins ?
50% identical genes
- 2 eggs fertilised
122
what is a concordance rate for twins ?
refers to the extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics
123
what is a heterozygous gene ?
the genotype consists of 2 different genes
124
what is a homozygous gene ?
the genotype consists of 2 genes that are the same
125
what has selective breeding been used to demonstrate ?
how a number of behavioural characteristics may have a genetic basis
126
what is selective breeding ?
artificially selecting male and male reproduces for a particular trait
- then put together to breed and produce offspring
127
what are females more particular about in a relationship ?
about who the farther of their children is due to the investment they have to make
- want mates that will have resources to provide for their offspring
128
what are males more particular about in a relationship ?
attractive as an indication of fertility and reproductive value
129
what are 2 strengths for the biological approach ?
- adopts scientific methods and uses objective measures largely
- real world application
130
what are the 4 assumptions of the psychodynamic approach ?
- unconscious mind
- importance of early childhood experiences
- personality is made up of 3 parts (tripartite)
- personality shapes
131
what does the psychodynamic approach explain ?
that behaviours is as a result of different forces
132
what it is the importance in early childhood experiences assumption ?
that are behaviour and feelings as an adult is rooted from our childhood experiences
- can have life-long effects on the individual
133
what was Freud metaphor to describe the mind ?
he used an iceberg metaphor
- the tip is the conscious mind
- just below the surface is the pre-conscious mind
- and the rest below the surface is the unconscious mind
134
what is the 3 parts of the mind ?
- conscious mind
- pre-conscious mind
- unconscious mind
135
what is the conscious mind ?
the small amount of mental activity we know about
136
what is the pre-conscious mind ?
things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried or triggered
137
what is the unconscious mind ?
things we are unaware of and can not become aware
138
what did Freud believe the 2 basic drives which motivate all our behaviours are ?
- eros
- thants
139
what is physic determinism ?
unconscious forces and drives are inborn and control or determine behaviour
- all we say and do has a cause
140
what is most of are behaviour and personality driven by ?
unconscious forces in our mind
141
what 3 things does the unconscious mind contain ?
- biological drives
- instincts
- threatening and disturbing memories that have been locked away
142
what are 2 ways you can access the unconscious mind ?
- dream analysis
- free association
143
what is dream analysis ?
a therapist will interpret the dreams to provide insight about what the dream actually represents
144
what is latent content ?
the hidden meaning or unconscious desires that are present in dreams. fantasies, or other form of communication
145
what is manifest content ?
concept in a dream analysis that refers to the element of a dream that a person remembers after waking up
146
what is more likely to appear in are dreams then when awake ?
repressed ideas in the unconsious
147
what is free association ?
the individual is encouraged to relax and say anything that comes into their minds
- the therapist will interpret and explain once the conflict is bought into consciousness once verbalised
148
what is the idea behind free association ?
the idea is the ego will be unable of keeping check of the threatening unconscious mind
149
what is a 'slip of the tongue' ?
it is slips of the tongue which may reveal what is really in our mind
150
what is the importance of early childhood experiences ?
our behaviour and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences
- can have a life-long effect on the individual
151
what is motivated forgetting ?
childhood memories may not be able to be recalled
- so this happens to help prevent us from remembering traumatic memoires
152
what are the 3 structures to personality ?
- id
- ego
- superego
153
when is the id present ?
from birth
154
what is the principle that the id acts from ?
pleasure principle
155
what is the id for ?
it represents a persons 's instinctual, basic drives related to sex and aggression
- it is our instinct
- we want instant gratification
156
what does the id spring from ?
eros and thantos
157
what is eros ?
the life instinct
- which is fuelled by psychic energy called libido
158
when does the ego develop ?
around 2
159
what is the egos role ?
has to decide between the demands of the id and the superego
160
what principle does the ego operate under ?
the reality principle
161
why does the ego control the id ?
it controls the ids drive for immediate satisfaction until an appropriate outlet can be found
162
when may abnormal behaviour occur ?
if the balance between id and superego isn't achieved
163
why does the ego have to manage the id and superego ?
as in constant conflict
164
when does the superego develop ?
at 5+
165
what principle does the superego act under ?
the morality principle
166
what r the 2 divisions of the superego ?
- ego ideal
- conscience
167
what is the ego-ideal ?
the standards of good behaviour that we aspire to
168
what is the conscience ?
it is seen as the inner voice that tells us when we have done something wrong
169
what is the superego perceived as ?
it is seen as the source of rewards
170
what is a strength of the personality theory ?
evidence of defence mechanism is Williams as it makes cognitive sense that all babes are born with a drive to survive
171
what is a weakness for the personality theory ?
it is unfalsifiable as cant measure the concept
172
why are defence mechanism developed ?
to manage the demand of the id and superego
173
why can the ego get stressful ?
if constant conflict which constantly needs to do work
174
what is the role of the defence mechanism ?
to help protect the ego from getting too overwhelmed
175
why in the long term is defence mechanism bad ?
as they work unconsciously and distort reality
176
what are the 3 defence mechanisms ?
- repression
- displacement
- denial
177
what is repression ?
unconsciously forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
178
what is denial ?
refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
179
what is displacement ?
transferring feelings from the true source of the distressing emotion to a substitute
180
what are the 5 psychosexual stages ?
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latent
- genital
181
what age is the oral stage ?
0-1
182
what source of pleasure for the oral phase ?
the mouth
183
what is the main influence for the oral phase ?
- deprivation of love or food
- early weaning
184
what is the consequence of fixation ?
- sarcasm
- smoking
- biting nails
185
what age is the anal stage ?
1-3
186
what is the source of pleasure for the anal stage ?
the anus
187
what is the main influence of the anal stage ?
- lax toilet training
- harsh toilet training
188
what is the consequences of fixation of the anal phase ?
- obsessiveness
- tidiness
- meanness
189
what age does the phallic stage occur ?
3-5
190
what is the source of pleasure in the phallic stage ?
the genital area
191
what is the main influence of the phallic stage ?
- very dominant mother
- no father figure
192
what is the consequences of fixation in the phallic stage ?
- self obsession- m
- sexual anxiety- m
- envies-- w
193
what age does the latent stage happen ?
5-puberty
194
what is the source of pleasure for the latent stage ?
sexual drives are repressed
195
what happens as the main influence in the latent stage ?
the child will repress all what has happened previously
- focus on adjusting to the environment
196
does fixation happen in the latent stage ?
no
197
what age does the genital stage happen ?
12+
198
what is the main influence in the genital stage ?
the sexual drives from the id are re-awoken
- remainder of adult life is dedicated to the pursuit of sex
199
should fixation happen at the genital stage ?
yes it should as indicates a well-adjusted adult
200
what happens if a psychosexual stage isn't resolved ?
fixation occurs
- where a child becomes stuck and carries certain behaviours and characteristics with them into adult personality
201
what is the psychosexual stages ?
the sexual energy builds up and is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body
202
what is the Oedipus conflict ?
the boy wants to sexually posses and desire his mother
- and he thinks if his father finds out what he most loved will be taken away
- which in phallic phases is his penis so fears castration
203
how does the boy overcome the Oedipus complex ?
by imitating, copying and joining in masculine behaviour
204
what is the Electra complex ?
where girls briefly desire their father but realises she doesn't have a penis so wishes to be a boy and have one
205
how do girls overcome the Electra complex ?
by repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby
- blames mother for castrated state so tension
206
what is a strength to the psychosexual stages ?
supporting evidence by the case study 'little Hans'
- as around ages 3-5 the boy developed a fear of castration
207
what is a weakness for the psychosexual stages ?
lack of reliability as all the studies like little Hans has ethical issues and investigator/gender bias and lacks validity
208
what is 2 strengths to the psychodynamic approach ?
- ground breaking that our childhood experiences can affect our lives
- Freud was first to stress the importance of psychological factors causing abnormal behaviour
209
what is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach ?
that is is largely unfalsifiable
210
what are the 4 approaches to the humanistic approach ?
- every individual in unique
- free will
- holism
- the scientific method is not a good way to measure behaviour
211
what is the every individual is unique assumption about ?
we are all different so no point in trying to generalise to groups as there are so many different within each groups
- we are individuals and should be treated as such
212
what does the free will assumption mean ?
that we have ultimate ability to choose what we do and we are in control of our behaviour
- acknowledges we have constraints on our free will but maintains that ultimately if we want to do something we have the ability to choose to do it
213
what does the holism assumption mean ?
no point in looking at just one aspect of an individual
214
what is the scientific method is not a good way to measure behaviour assumption ?
don't consider the humanistic approach to be scientific
- humans are subjective in the way they think and behaviour so need to be less objective so scientific method is inappropriate
215
what does Maslow's approach focus on ?
focused on finding out what could go right with them
216
what does Maslow's hierarchy of needs focus on ?
personal growth and fulfilment
217
what are the 5 needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs ?
- physiological
- safety
- love/ belonging
- esteem
- self-actualization
218
what has to happen before an induvial has to meet self-actualisation ?
all lower levels of the hierarchy needs to be met beforehand before an individual can work towards self-actualization and fulfil their potential
219
what characteristics do individuals share if they've reached self-actualisation ?
- creativity
- accurate perception of the world
- free of all inhibition
- fear and acceptance of all others
220
what is personal growth concerned with ?
developing and changing as a person to become fulfilled, satisfied and goal-orientated
221
what do humanistic psychologists regard personal growth as ?
an essential part of what it is to be human
222
what is free will ?
ability to act at one's own discretion
223
what is self-actualisation ?
desire to grow psychologically and fulfils ones full potential
224
what is congruence ?
the match/ consistency between the perceived self and the ideal self
225
what is unconditional positive regard ?
love and acceptance given by others is unconditional
- they are accepted regardless of what they say and what they do
226
what is conditions of worth ?
conditions that significant others put upon the individual and they must achieve these if they are to be accepted or loved
227
what is the self ?
our personal identity
228
what are the 3 selves rogers suggested ?
- the self concept
- the ideal self
- the real self
229
what is the self concept ?
the self you feel you are
230
what is the ideal self ?
the self you wish to be
231
what is the real self ?
the person you actually are
232
what did rogers believe that needs to happen to reach self-actualisation ?
- important for the person to be fully functioning
- that we have three selves that need to integrate to achieve self-actualisation
233
how does how we feel about ourselves depend on ?
being valued and respected by other people
234
if unconditional positive regard is given what does it develop ?
- a healthy sense of self-worth
- recognising their abilities and difficulties
235
what does having closer self concept and ideal self mean ?
greater the congruence
236
what does incongruence reflect ?
an inconsistency between self-concept and experiences relating to self
237
how do you improve gap between the ideal self and self concept ?
revising their self-concept towards congruence
- CCT
238
what are the 3 core conditions of CCT ?
- congruence
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
239
what does CCT operate under ?
3 basic principles that reflects the attitude of the therapist to the client
240
how is their congruence in CCT ?
- most important part
- therapist doesn't have a façade and is authentic
241
how is there UPR in CCT ?
therapists should always maintain a positive attitude to the client even if disgusted by their actions
242
how is their empathy in CCT ?
- need to communicate with client they understand how they feel
- be sensitive towards them
