attachment

Question 1

what is an attachment ?

Answer 1

a 2 way emotional bond between 2 induvial in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
- it is a reciprocal relationship

Question 2

what 3 behaviours can show attachment ?

Answer 2

proximity
separation distress/ anxiety
secure-base behaviour

Question 3

what does proximity mean ?

Answer 3

we want to stay close to people who we are attached too

Question 4

what is separation distress/ anxiety ?

Answer 4

we get angry, upset when we are separated from our attachment figure

Question 5

what is a secure-base behaviour ?

Answer 5

we like to keep regular contact almost like an invisible piece of string

Question 6

why are caregiver and infant studied ?

Answer 6

as they give us insight into the type of nature of attachment

Question 7

what are the 2 types of caregiver-infant interactions in humans ?

Answer 7

reciprocity
interactional synchrony

Question 8

what is reciprocity ?

Answer 8

describes how 2 people interact with one another

Question 9

what does reciprocity explain ?

Answer 9

it means 2 way so it explains how the mother and baby respond to each others signals

Question 10

what is the ‘alert phase’ ?

Answer 10

babies have this it is when there alert in between lots of sleep and its the signal babies are ready for an interaction
- mothers mainly responds to this alertness around 2/3 of the time

Question 11

when does the ‘alert phase’ get more frequent ?

Answer 11

gets more frequent from approx. 3 months

Question 12

why is reciprocity important (2things) ?

Answer 12

• teaches the child how to communicate
• allows the parents to care better as learns to detect cues from the baby as to what the baby needs

Question 13

what 2 studies are used to reciprocity ?

Answer 13

• Brazelton et al (1975)
• Feldman (2007)

Question 14

what is interactional synchrony ?

Answer 14

an interaction that mother and baby have is co-ordinated meaning they do it in a synchronised way it is like looking in a mirror
- interactions between mother and infant are ‘mirrored’ between the 2

Question 15

when does interactional synchrony begin ?

Answer 15

2 weeks old

Question 16

why is interaction synchrony important (2 things) ?

Answer 16

• difficult to form attachments without between mother and baby
• can also lead to better communication when child gets older with parents

Question 17

what are the 2 studies used for interaction synchrony ?

Answer 17

• Isabella et al (1989)
• Meltzoff and Moore (1983)

Question 18

what is the primary attachment figure ?

Answer 18

this is the person a baby first becomes attached to

Question 19

who tends to be the PAF ?

Answer 19

the mother

Question 20

what is the secondary attachment figure ?

Answer 20

refers to who the baby becomes attached to after the primary attachment figure

Question 21

who is usually the SAF ?

Answer 21

the father

Question 22

how long does it take for babies to make there 2nd attachment figure ?

Answer 22

a few months

Question 23

what percent of infants at 18 months have a SAF as a farther ?

Answer 23

75%

Question 24

what protest do babies show when fathers leave the room ?

Answer 24

separation protest

Question 25

what study is used to support the role of the farther ?

Answer 25

Grossman (2002)

Question 26

how can the fathers become the PCG/ PAF according to Field (1974) ?

Answer 26

if they take on behaviours which are normally expected by the mother

Question 27

what are the 3 behaviours which are important in building attachments with the baby ?

Answer 27

• smiling
• holding
• imitating

as it is all about how u respond to the baby rather then the gender

Question 28

what is a stage theory ?

Answer 28

one which explains how behaviour develops over time

Question 29

who created the stages of attachment using an experiment ?

Answer 29

Schaffer and Emerson
(1964)

Question 30

what 2 things did Schaffer and Emerson want to measure ?

Answer 30

• separation anxiety
• stranger anxiety

Question 31

what is stranger anxiety ?

Answer 31

display of anxiety when a stranger approaches

Question 32

What are the 4 parts to Schaffer’s stage theory ?

Answer 32

• asocial stage
• indiscriminate attachment
• specific attachment
• multiple attachment

Question 33

what is the asocial stage ?

Answer 33

birth to 2 months
-start to recognise carers and form bonds
- prefer someone then alone
- some preference w adults
- behaviour w objects and humans r similar

Question 34

what is the indiscrimate attachement stage ?

Answer 34

2 to 6 months
- tends to accept cuddles from any adult
- recognise and prefer any adults
- prefer people over objects
- no separation or stranger anxiety
- not bothers who comforts them

Question 35

what is the specific attachment stage ?

Answer 35

7 to 12 months
- displays anxiety to strangers
- anxious when separated from a specific figure
- it is offers most interactions then the specific attachment even if they don’t spend the most time w them

Question 36

what is the multiple attachment stage ?

Answer 36

around 12 months
- can be anyone like extended fam as well
- most have secondary attachments
- start attached to other adults

Question 37

what is the % for forming a SAF within a month of forming a PAF ?

Answer 37

29%

Question 38

what are the 2 animal studies used in attachment ?

Answer 38

• Lorenz
• Harlow

Question 39

what animals did Lorenz use ?

Answer 39

goslings

Question 40

what animals did Harlow use ?

Answer 40

Rhesus monkeys

Question 41

what was Lorenz’s conclusion ?

Answer 41

attachment is innate and programmed genetically

Question 42

what was Harlow’s conclusion ?

Answer 42

early maternal deprivation leads to emotional damage