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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Wundt’s idea of structuralism ?

A

break down structures and study their component parts.

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2
Q

What is Wundt’s idea of introspection ?

A

breaking down conciseness into component parts such as thoughts and feelings

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3
Q

What is Wundt’s research?

A

trained researchers to be instrospective with standardised events such as a ball dropping or listening to metronome and was asked to look inwards of their mental experiences during this

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4
Q

what is the role of the unconscious according to the psychodynamic approach?

A

it drives behaviour, repressed memories drive behaviour and protects self from anxiety

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5
Q

what is the tripartite system of the personality (psychodynamic)?

A

Id, superego and ego

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6
Q

when does the ID develop and what principle does it work on?

A

works on the pleasure principle formed birth-18 months, it is in the unconscious mind

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7
Q

when does the superego develop and what principle does it work on?

A

works on the morality principle - makes us feel guilty when we do not follow rules, formed 3-6 years- unconscious mind

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8
Q

when does the EGO develop and what principle does it work on?

A

works on the reality principle - balances ID and superego formed 18 months - 3 years - conscious mind

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9
Q

what is repression ?

A

defence mechanism - forces distressing memories out of the conscious mind

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10
Q

What is Denial?

A

defence mechanism- refusing to acknowledge some aspects of reality

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11
Q

what is displacement?

A

defence mechanism - transferring feelings from the true source of the distressing emotion onto a substitute target

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12
Q

What are the evaluations for defence mechanisms?

A

Brewin and Andre conducted a meta analysis and found that between 20-60% of sexual abuse survivors had periods of their lives they could not remember
lacks falsifiability
can only be inferred

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13
Q

What are 5 psychosexual stages?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

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14
Q

when does the oral stage develop and what does it involve?

A

develops 0-18 months focus on libido in the mouth child develops trust through sense of trust and comfort for caregiver

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15
Q

what are the negative personality traits that can develop if a child gets fixated in the oral stage?

A

overeating, smoking- over indulged
clingy and dependent- under indulged

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16
Q

when does the Anal stage develop and what does it involve ?

A

develops 18 months - 3.5 years focus on libido in the anus during potting training child taught how to control themselves expulsion and retention

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17
Q

what are the negative personality traits that can develop if a child gets fixated in the anal stage?

A

messy, disorganised, wont listen to authority - anal expulsive
enjoy order, fear authority - retentive

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18
Q

when does the phallic stage develop and what does it involve?

A

develops 3-6 years focus and has the oedipus complex and the electra complex

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19
Q

what is the oedipus complex?

A

boys have unconscious sexual feelings for their mother which lead to fear of their father- castration anxiety

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20
Q

how does a person resolve the oedipus complex and electra complex?

A

identification with same sex parent takes their beliefs and values and leads to gender identity

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21
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

girls develop penis envy and develop sexual feelings for father sees their mum as a rival for father

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22
Q

when does the Latency stage develop and what does it involve?

A

6 years to puberty - children are more concerned about hobbies and other interests sexual energy is repressed

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23
Q

when does the Genetic stage develop and what does it involve?

A

puberty to adolescence
libido is active again strong sexual interests in opposite sex

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24
Q

what are the evaluations of the psychosexual stages?

A

Little Hans- 5 year old boy who had a phobia of horses - castration anxiety
Fischer and greenberg- evidence of oral and anal through standardised questionnaires
Horney - womb envy

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25
what are 3 assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
id and superego are in constant conflict human behaviour is driven by unconscious defence mechanisms stop the ego from getting overwhelmed
26
what is psychotherapy ?
exercises that brings unconscious mind so it can be addressed
27
what are 3 assumptions of the behaviourism approach?
all people are born blank slates humans and animals learn the same way only observable data should be studied
28
what is the formula for classical conditioning ?
ucs --> ucr ucs + ns --> ucr cs--> cr
29
how does Pavlov's dog support classical conditioning?
food --> salvation food+ whistle --> salvation whistle --> salvation
30
what are the evaluations of Pavlov's dog?
high internal validity reliable aversion therapy little albert unethical - animal research can't generalise
31
what are the evaluations for classical conditioning?
many people get phobias due to a bad experience psychodynamic would disagree due to unconscious
32
what is operate conditioning ?
positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment
33
how does Skinner support operate conditioning?
used rats and pigeons and had a lever electric floor and feeding tube rats press the lever and it would dispense food and another way was electric floor when lever was pressed it would electrocute
34
what are the evaluations of skinner?
replicable high internal validity lacks external validity unethical
35
what are the practical applications of operate conditioning?
token economy - rewarded for positive behaviour which is used in hospitals, schools and prisons
36
what are three assumptions of the humanistic approach?
humans should be viewed as a whole humans have freewill humans strive for self actualisation
37
what is rogers idea congruence ?
you are mentally healthy when you are congruent this is when your self image is similar to your ideal self when this isn't the case someone is incongruent
38
what is Rogers conditions of worth?
people only feel worthy of love when they meet the approval of others
39
what are the evaluations of Rogers theories?
harter- teenagers who feel they have to meet criteria for parental approval ended up not liking themselves paul- people who had a strong work ethic were more likely to be depressed when they become unemployed
40
what is rogers therapy?
person centred therapy - aims to close gap between ideal self and actual self to encourage a healthier view of ones self
41
what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
interested in self actualisation we need other needs to happen before we can reach this state physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs and then self actualisation
42
what are the evaluations for Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
sheffield - study on 185 students used standardised questionaires to measure self actualisation found positive correlation between high levels of self actualisation and being psychologically healthy
43
what are 3 assumptions of the cognitive approach?
humans can be seen as data processing systems computer and human are alike mind actively processes information from senses
44
what are inferences ?
drawing conclusions based on evidence they find
45
how does Bugelski and alampy support schemas ?
found participants who expected to see an animal or a face would see one even when given the same drawing ( man and rat)
46
what are computer models of cognitions?
suggests we process information similar to a computer such as processing, coding and stores
47
what are theoretical models of cognitive processes?
steps involved in internal mental processes such as multistore model
48
what are the evaluations of the cognitive approach?
theoretical models are simplistic applications to therapy- ABC,CBT computer analogy is too simplistic can't observe
49
What is cognitive neuroscience?
study of influences of brain structures on mental processes eg broca damage to frontal lobe can impact speech production
50
how do cognitive neuroscientists study the brain?
FMRI, PET scans
51
what are the evaluations of cognitive neuroscience?
helps investigate OCD and create treatments for memory problems - FMRI etc Braver support - memory reductionist - autism can only show relationship not causation
52
what are the 3 main assumptions for social learning theory?
explained through observation and modelling data is observable cognitive aspects impact behaviour
53
what are the 4 mediational processes?
Attention retention reproduction motivation
54
what is vicarious reinforcement?
we are reinforced when we see others be reinforced
55
how does bandura's BOBO doll support social learning theory?
72 children and those who saw an aggressive role model produces more aggressive acts than those in the non aggressive or control group. boys imitated same sex models and girls demonstrated more physical aggression when it was a male role model
56
what are the evaluations of bandura?
high internal validity cause and effect can be established low ecological validity standardised procedures
57
what are the evaluations for social learning theory ?
shows behaviours can be learnt through imitation thought processes are not observable cannot generalise
58
how does the biological approach use genes to explain behaviour?
genotype- genetic makeup a faulty gene can lead to depression with dopamine levels phenotype- how we display behaviours
59
how would researchers investigate genes to explain behaviour?
looking at mz twins and their concordance rates
60
how does the biological approach use neurotransmitters to explain behaviour?
the chemical messages which are found in the synapes. levels of neurotransmitters can affect behaviour eg dopamine hypothesis and schizophrenia
61
how does the biological approach use brain structures to explain behaviours?
wernicke's area influences behaviour - processes information associated with speech comprehension patients that have damage to this cannot process speech correctly
62
how does the biological approach use evolution to explain behaviour?
gradual change in inherited traits over generations all adaptive and maladaptive behaviours adjust appropriately to the environment
63
what are the positive evaluations of the biological approach?
practical application - drug therapy aims to correct neurotransmitter balances - SSRI social implications- taught us more about ourselves
64
what are the negative evaluations of the biological approach?
learning theory - phobias can be learnt deterministic - does not allow for free will people can choose to change maladaptive behaviours

Psychology (11 decks)

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