memory

Question 1

What did Sperling find about the capacity of the sensory memory?

Answer 1

Participants could identify that there was 12 letters shown but can only recall 4 this shows the capacity is large.

Question 2

What did Crowder find about the duration of the sensory memory?

Answer 2

visual memory was 500 milliseconds and auditory was 2/3 seconds

Question 3

What did crowder find about the coding of the sensory memory?

Answer 3

sense specific eg olfactory is smell iconic is sight

Question 4

What did Miller find about the capacity of the Short-term memory?

Answer 4

that it was 7+ or - 2 digits ( magic 7)

Question 5

What did Peterson and Peterson find about the duration of the Short- term memory?

Answer 5

limited to 18 seconds when rehearsal is prevented( heard trigrams and had to count backwards

Question 6

What did Baddley find about the coding of the short term memory ?

Answer 6

mostly acoustic - similar sounding words

Question 7

What did Wagnear find about the capacity of the Long term memory?

Answer 7

unlimited - diary entries 24000 over 6 years

Question 8

What did Bahrick find about the duration of the long term memory?

Answer 8

Up to a lifetime - recalling names of school photos

Question 9

What did Baddley find about the coding of the long term memory?

Answer 9

mostly semantic - similar sounding words

Question 10

What are the three types of long term memory?

Answer 10

episodic - personal events
semantic - general knowledge
procedural - how to do something

Question 11

what areas of the brain did Tuvling say were associated with the types of long term memory?

Answer 11

episodic- hippocampus
semantic- temporal lobes#
procedural- cerebellum

Question 12

how does Clive wearing support different types of long term memory?

Answer 12

Had amnesia and had impaired episodic memory semantic and procedural were intact as he could play piano

Question 13

how did braver support the central executive?

Answer 13

gave participants a task while having a brain scan and found greater activity in the frontal lobe

Question 14

how does baddley support the phonological loop?

Answer 14

word length effect - people found it harder to remember a list of longer words due to limited space for rehearsal

Question 15

How does baddley support the visual spacial sketchpad?

Answer 15

participants had to track a light while saying the letter F and found unable to do two tasks at once as it was using the same slave system

Question 16

how does alkalifa support the episodic buffer?

Answer 16

impaired long term memory people showed a capacity in the short term memory of up to 25 items

Question 17

what are the two ways of forgetting in the long term memory?

Answer 17

interference and retrieval failure

Question 18

what are the two types of interference?

Answer 18

proactive - old information impacting recall of new information
retroactive - new information impacting recall of old information

Question 19

how does baddeley support interference as an explanation for forgetting?

Answer 19

asked rugby players to recall the names of the teams they had played and found those players who didn’t play in the match had better recall than those who did showing retroactive

Question 20

How does underwood and postman support interference?

Answer 20

Group A - learned a list of word pairs and a second list with pairs that didn’t match
group B - only learned list one
all asked to recall the first list and Group B performed better

Question 21

what are the two types of retrieval failure?

Answer 21

context dependent - environmental cues
state dependent - internal cues e.g physical or mental state

Question 22

What did Godden and Baddely find to support retrieval failure?

Answer 22

18 divers to learn a list of 36 words and asked to learn on beach recall on beach learn on beach recall in water and learn in water recall in water and learn in water and recall on the beach found when recalled at the same place learned it increased recall eg beach and beach was 13.5 whereas learn in water recall on beach was 8.5

Question 23

What are the three factors affecting eye witness testimony?

Answer 23

Leading questions
Post-event discussion
Anxiety

Question 24

What did loftus and palmer find about leading questions?

Answer 24

45p’s shown videos of car crash and asked how fast were the cars going when they… and the verb was changed highest verb was smashed which gave a speed of 40.8mph whereas contacted was given a speed of 31.8mph

Question 25

What did yoille and cutshall find about leading questions?

Answer 25

13 people witnessed an armed robbery interviewed 4 months later with 2 misleading q's and there was still accurate recall of events

Question 26

What did Gabbert find about post event discussion?

Answer 26

2 groups of p's watched same crime at different angles asked to recall either alone or in pairs. a solo test was completed and found 77% of witnesses got half the details wrong during discussion

Question 27

what did Johnson and scott find about anxiety ?

Answer 27

weapon focus effect low anxiety condition- equipment failure followed by a man with pen and grease 49% correct recall from 50 photos high anxiety condition- hostile discussion sounds of breaking glass and chairs followed by a man covered in blood holding a knife- 33% recall

Question 28

what did pickel find about weapon focus effect?

Answer 28

depends on environment - hairsalon - hairdresser came out with scissors high recall- compared to when a raw chicken was brought out

Question 29

what are the 4 stages to cognitive interview?

Answer 29

report everything context reinstatement - recreating scene recall everything from a different perspective recall in reverse order

Question 30

What did fisher find about cognitive interviews?

Answer 30

trained detectives in using cognitive interviews and compared technique before and after training. detectives gained 47% more information from witnesses.

Question 31

what are the enhanced cognitive interview?

Answer 31

reduces eyewitness anxiety minimising distraction get witnesses to speak slowly asking open ended questions

Question 32

what is the primacy and recency effect ? and how does it support the MSM?

Answer 32

it is where words from the beginning of a list of words can be remembered due to it going to the LTM (primacy) and the words at the end can be remembered due to STM ( recency ) the words in between decayed showing different stores.