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Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

How long does a circadian rhythm last?

A

24 hours

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2
Q

What are circadian rhythms driven by?

A

Our body clocks, which are synchronised by our SCN in the hypothalamus

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3
Q

How is our body clocks set?

A

Light - through the brightness detectors in the eye

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4
Q

Two examples of circadian rhythms

A

Sleep wake cycle
Body temperate

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5
Q

What else is the sleep wake cycle determined by ?

A

Homeostatic control- tells us When we need sleep due to the amount of energy used being awake

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6
Q

What can affect the sleep wake cycle ?

A

Jet lag
Shift work

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7
Q

How is body temperature a circadian rhythm?

A

Lowest temperature is around 4:30am 36 degrees (starts increasing from this point )and the highest is at 6pm( starts decreasing) at 38 degree. Increase temperate in the morning promotes alertness

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8
Q

What did the case study of stiffe prove about circadian rhythms?

A

Living underground with no external cues and sleeping when he liked. On his first stay of 60 days he believed it was August 20th however it was 17th September showing external factors help regulate the circadian rhythm

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9
Q

Strengths of circadian rhythms

A

Practical application- helped show when patients should take medication to be most effective

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10
Q

Weaknesses of circadian rhythms

A

Cycle can vary 13-65 hours - individual differences

May be the temperate that controls body clock and not light as it fluctuates

Artificial lighting may impact the rhythm- czeisler down to 22hrs or up to 28 hrs

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11
Q

How long do infradian rhythms last?

A

Longer than 24 hours (days, weeks, months, annual )

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12
Q

Two examples of infradian rhythms

A

Menstrual cycle
Seasonal moods

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13
Q

How is the menstrual cycle a infradian rhythm ?

A

It lasts usually 28 days but can be anywhere from 23-36 days
Hormone regulated for fertilisation
After ovulation, progesterone increases for implantation of embryo

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14
Q

How are seasonal mood changes infradian rhythm?

A

Humans moods change based on the seasons.
Magussan found that especially women experience season affective disorder- being more depressed in winter

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15
Q

How long do ultradian rhythms last ?

A

Less than 24 hours

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16
Q

How many stages of sleep are there? And which stage is REM

A

There are 4 stages of NREM (non rapid eye movement) and the 5th stage is REM

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17
Q

How long does the sleep cycle last?

A

90 minutes and repeats through the night.

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18
Q

How do we observe/ monitor the sleep cycle ?

A

EEG’s

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19
Q

What happens to the body in deep sleep?

A

Decreased breathing
Brainwaves slow
Decrease in heart rate

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20
Q

How does Keitman support ultradian rhythms ?

A

Referred to the cycle as BRAC ( basic rest activity cycle ) continues through the day between alertness to fatigue which leads to lack of concentration

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21
Q

What supporting evidence is there for ultradian rhythms?

A

Ericsson found that violinist practice sessions are limited to 90 minutes and they frequently napped to recover.

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22
Q

What weakness are there of both infradian and ultradian rhythms ?

A

External factors such as room temperature and sleep hygiene may effect sleep patterns

Menstrual cycle is usual endogenous however it can be exogenously controlled through synchronisation through groups of women.

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23
Q

What is the animal research into circadian rhythms?

Study These Flashcards
A

DeCoursey - behaviour of SCN lesioned chipmunks
30 chipmunks
Removed the SCN returned home.
After 80 days many died compared to control group
Circadian rhythms aid survival

24
Q

What did McClintock find on infradiam rhythms ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Students who lived in university halls tended to synchronise their menstrual cycle

25
How did Wilson criticise McClintock ?
The length of the cycle means friends will have an overlapping period.
26
What did Dement and Kleitman research ?
Ultradian rhythms 7 males and 2 females Avoid alcohol and caffeine Monitored on EEG Several stages of REM
27
What is the frontal lobe responsibility?
remembering and talking
28
what are the temporal lobe responsibility ?
using language and understanding sounds
29
what is the responsibility of the Cerebellum?
coordination and regulation of temperature
30
What is the endocrine system?
works alongside the nervous system it is a network of glands which transmits chemical messages through blood vessels
31
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine - responsible for metabolism
32
What does the Adrenal gland produce?
adrenaline - flight or fight
33
what is the process of flight or fight ?
stressful situation amygdola is activated sends warning to hypthalamus activates SAM pathway stimulates adrenal gland prepares body for flight or fight
34
what is the Somatosensory area responsible for?
sensory information from skin
35
what is the wernicke's area responsible for?
speech comprehension
36
what is broca's are responsible for?
speech production
37
what is the motor area from?
voluntary movements sending signals t the muscles
38
how does Lashley's lab rats go against localisation?
trained rats to go around a maze and cut lesions into cerebal cortex to see memory found rats could continue to navigate the maze brain has ability to take over functions from damaged areas
39
How does Tan support localisation of function?
post mortems- found damages to broca's area- broca's aphasia
40
How does Phineus cage support localisation of function?
injury impacted some functions but not all able to talk etc but became irritated showed damage to frontal lobes
41
how does Maguire support plasticity ?
had london taxi drivers that were right handed found that there was a larger volume of grey matter in the posterior hippocampus the longer they have been in the job
42
what are the evaluations for Maguire?
bias is reduced as it was a single blind lacks population validity
43
how did Elbert support functional recovery?
capacity of reorganisation is much greater in children than in adults
44
how do Hubel and wesel support plasticity ?
sewed a kittens eye shut and analysed brain responses the visual cortex with the shut eye was not dormant but processed information from open eye.
45
how does Schneider support functional recovery?
more time patients with brain injury spent in education the better outcome of disability free recovery
46
how do the two halves of the brain communicate ?
through the corpus callosum
47
what are people called that do not have a corpus callosum?
split brain patients
48
how does Sperry support hemispheric laterisation ?
11 patients that had the surgery due to epilepsy. shown and object to RVF and ask to describe it. an object to LVF and was asked to describe that. Found - could describe objects shown to RVF but not LVF. claimed there was nothing shown to LVF
49
What are the evaluations of Sperry?
Controlled environment poor external validity hard to establish cause and effect
50
what is the process of synaptic transmission?
1. action potential causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters and diffuse across the synaptic cleft 2.excitatory neurotransmitters promote the release of the action potential in the post synaptic cell whereas inhibitory prevents it 3. reuptake of neurotransmitters from the cleft happens by the transporter proteins
51
what are Excitatory neurotransmitters?
positively charged and make people feel excited such as adrenaline which promotes the release of an action potential in the post synaptic cell
52
what are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
negatively charged neurotransmitters which make people feel calm such as serotonin which inhibits the release of an action potential in the post synaptic neuron
53
how can we identify the relay neuron?
no mylein sheath
54
how can we identify the sensory neuron?
cell body is on the SIDE
55
how can we identify the motor neuron?
cell body at the TOP
56
what are the three types of neurons?
relay, sensory and motor
57
can you describe the reflex arc ?
1. sensory information enters the sensory neuron through the sensory receptors 2. it travels through the axon which is insulated by the myelin sheath 3. it synapatically transfuses across the axon terminal and reaches the dendrites on the relay neuron 4. from the relay to motor synaptic transmission takes place again 5. this reaches the motor effectors causing the muscle to move

Psychology (11 decks)

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