Attatchment

Question 1

what are Maccoby’s 4 characteristics of care-giver interactions ?

Answer 1

seeking proximity
joy on reunion
distress on separation
orientation of behaviour

Question 2

What did Tronick find about reciprocity ?

Answer 2

he did a still face experiment
had mum interact with baby and then do a still face for 2 mins
found baby was confused distressed when mother didn’t respond

Question 3

What did Brazelton find about reciprocity?

Answer 3

described it as a dance where each is responding to each others moves.

Question 4

What did metzoff and moore find about interactional synchrony ?

Answer 4

adult modelled three facial expressions to babies as young as 2 weeks
babies copied faces and hand gestures by adults

Question 5

What did isabella find about interactional synchrony ?

Answer 5

found 30 mothers and their babies had more secure attachment the higher the synchrony

Question 6

Evaluations of care-giver interaction studies

Answer 6

meltzoff and moore filmed babies so it’s got high validity
still face experiment was a lab study so it lacks ecological validity and not accurate for real life application

Question 7

What was the method of Schaffer and Emerson ?

Answer 7

60 Glasgow babies from skilled working class homes and were visited at home for every month for a year and again at 18 months to measure separation and stranger anxiety

Question 8

What were the stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

Answer 8

Asocial- 0-8 weeks - smile at anyone
Indiscriminate - 2-7 months- recognises faces accept comfort from anyone
Specific - 7-12 months - stranger anxiety, familiar adults
Multiple- 1 year - secondary attachment

Question 9

Evaluations of Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 9

has ecological validity
has social implications
has replicability
may be social desirable
unethical
cultural differences

Question 10

What did Schaffer and Emerson find about the role of the father ?

Answer 10

3% has father as primary attachment
27% mother and father joint attachments
75% form father as secondary attachment

Question 11

What did freeman find about role of the father?

Answer 11

Father was more involved when child can play sports

Question 12

What are the implications of the role of the father?

Answer 12

fathers can now have parental leave
men are no longer just breadwinner and have an involvement in care
both mothers and fathers now work
Fathers are biologically less sensitive to babies emotional needs

Question 13

What are the procedures of Lorenz?

Answer 13

divided a clutch of goose eggs in half and half were hatched with mother and half were hatched with lorenz and the first object they would see will be lorenz

Question 14

what are the findings of lorenz?

Answer 14

incubated group followed lorenz every where whereas control group followed their mother

Question 15

What were the procedures of Harlow?

Answer 15

had 8 rhesus monkeys which were caged from infancy with a mesh food dispensing mother and a cloth surrogate mother to see which had more attachments

Question 16

what were the findings of harlow?

Answer 16

90 day critical period
showed attachment to cloth mother when frightened
showed unpredictable behaviours and were bad mothers

Question 17

Evaluations of Harlow

Answer 17

unethical
practical application to social workers
high control
cant generalise

Question 18

how can learning theory explain attachment ?

Answer 18

through cupboard love
classical conditioning of food with mother and happiness leads to mother being associated with happiness
through operate conditioning
infant experiences hunger comfort is provided through food and mother is source of food

Question 19

Evaluations of Learning theory

Answer 19

face validity
harlow contradicts as monkeys didn’t attach to feeding mother
reductionist - culture , gender and wealth differences

Question 20

what is bowlby’s evolution theory?

Answer 20

change in inherited characteristics to be adaptive for survival

Question 21

what are some key features of bowlby’s evolution theory?

Answer 21

monotropy- one main attachment
critical period- 2 1/2 years or negative consequences
innate- pre- programmed
internal working model- blueprint for all future attachments

Question 22

Evaluations of bowlby’s evolution theory?

Answer 22

children now have key workers
critique from schaffer and emerson multiple attachments by age of one
lorenz- innate behaviours to attach
hazen and shaver -internal working model does exist

Question 23

What is Ainsworth’s strange situation ?

Answer 23

it is a series of stages where a child is left alone with a stranger and reunited with mother to test separation and stranger anxiety and reunion behaviour

Question 24

what are the findings from ainsworth’s strange situation?

Answer 24

Secure was most common 70% of babies accept comfort on reunion moderate anxiety
insecure avoidant 20% of babies didn’t seek proximity
insure resistant - 10% of babies greater proximity huge separation and stranger anxiety.

Question 25

Evaluations of ainsworth's strange situation?

Answer 25

good reliability become a paradigm lacks validity - father attachment ethnocentric

Question 26

what did Van ijzendoorn find about the strange situation ?

Answer 26

secure attachments were most common highest insure avoidant was Germany 35.5% Insecure resistant was mainly collectivist cultures eg japan and Israel 1.5 times as many differences within countries

Question 27

What did Bowlby find about maternal deprivation?

Answer 27

argued that disruptions to attachment results in permanent damage to child development such as inability to form future attachments, delinquency and problems with cognitive development

Question 28

Evaluations of the maternal deprivation

Answer 28

*practical applications- increased parental leave *nurseries have key workers *bailey- mothers who had poor attachment to their parents had poor attachments to their child *may be biased recall

Question 29

what did bowlby's 44 thieves study show?

Answer 29

used interviews and questionaires and found 17/44 thieves had prolonged separation from mothers 15 were classed as affectionless psychopaths

Question 30

What did Rutter find for effects of institutionalisation ?

Answer 30

165 romanian orphans 111 adopted before age of 2 and 54 adopted before age of 4 romanian orphans were behind british children in physical social and cognitive aspects many children had disinhibited attachments

Question 31

how did bucherest early intervention support insituitionalisation?

Answer 31

136 romanian orphans spent 90% of their life in insitutions found 74% of control group were securely attached compared to 19% of the orphans

Question 32

What did Hazen and Shaver find about the internal working model?

Answer 32

did a love quiz and found 56% were secure 25% resistant and 19% avoidant which shows the existence of the internal working model