Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the definition of ‘ sex’ ?

A

A biological fact- a person is either male or female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of ‘Gender ‘ ?

A

It’s a social construct which is based on behaviours and attributes that is either masculine or feminine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meant by androgyny?

A

Balance it masculine and feminine traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Bem suggest that androgyny leads to ?

A

Psychological wellbeing an ability to handle a range of situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Bem sex role inventory ?

A

It’s a self report way of measuring androgyny it has 20 masculine, 20 feminine and 20 neutral traits. Participants are asking to rank these on a scale of 1-7

Scores are classified on either masculinity- femininity or androgynous- undifferentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the evaluation for Bem’s androgyny ?

A

+ burchard and serbin - wanted to see if androgyny did lead to psychological wellbeing. Used normal( 106 female and 84 male) and psychiatric population( 48 female and 48 male ). They completed the BSRI found androgynous females had lower depression and androgynous males did in the psychiatric condition

  • Taylor and hall - masculinity in males and females is better predictor for wellbeing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What chromosomes are associated with males and females ?

A

23 Paris of chromosomes which carry hundreds of genes which contain instructions about physical and behavioural characteristics.

Male = XY
female = XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do chromosomes determine Sex ?

A

All ovaries carry an X chromosome
Sperm carry half X and half Y
Y chromosomes carry sex determining region (SRY) causes testes in XY embryo which produce androgens such as testosterone which causes genitalia to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Evaluation for the BSRI

A

+ Developed by asking 50 male and 50 female judges to rate 200 trusts of desirable to males or females. Highest scorer became the 20 for each category. Piloted to over 1000 students - validity

  • temporal validity - developed 40 years ago characteristics may have changed
  • subjective perception of the questions and the rating scale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the evaluations of the role of chromosomes in sex and gender ?

A

Dr money - genetic influence overrides
Deterministic
Reductionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Male hormones control the development of male sex organs and begins to develop at 8 weeks of foetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who supports testosterone ?

A

Quadagno - found that female monkeys who were exposed to testosterone in the womb were more rough and more aggressive

Hines - studied female babies born to mothers who were given injections to male hormones during pregnancy found they were more aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is oestrogen ?

A

Group of hormones which promotes the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body and regulates menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who supports oestrogen ?

A

Albrecht and Pepe - increasing oestrogen levels in pregnant baboons to heightened cortisol production and led to reduced levels of miscarriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is oxytocin ?

A

Produced in the Brian for males and females. It is known as the love hormone. Produced in women in larger amounts to facilitate childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the evaluations of the role of hormones in sex and gender ?

A

Batista boys
Deterministic
Reductionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the chromosomes for Klinefelter’s syndrome ?

A

XXY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the physical and psychological characteristics of Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Breast development
Female fat distribution
Taller than average
Passive
Poor language development
Calm and shun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the chromosomes fr Turner’s syndrome ?

A

XO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the physical and psychological characteristics of Turner’s syndrome ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Short
Webbed neck
Low hairline
Obsessive
Energetics
Hypersensitive
Lower than average IQ

21
Q

How does De Lisi support klinefelter’s syndrome ?

Study These Flashcards
A

11 KS participants and 11 non-KS controls to a psychiatric interview some has smaller frontal lobes, temporal lobes and superior temporal gyrus which explains language delays

22
Q

How does quigley support Turner’s syndrome ?

Study These Flashcards
A

123 girls with TS either oestrogen supplements or a placebo ages 5-12. The were no difference in physical development before 8.5 years but till 12 those given oestrogen had breast development

23
Q

What are the evaluations for A-typical sex Chromosomes ?

Study These Flashcards
A

• contribute to our understanding of nature nurture and gender
• herlihy found that those with KS treated early had significant benefits
• difficult to generalise as it’s an unusual sample

24
Q

What is gender dysphoria ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Where a person has a strong persistent feeling of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort in their biological sex

25
What is the brain sex theory for gender dysphoria - biological explanations ?
During second trimester sex organs differentiate. Presence of testosterone makes masculine brains - BTSC is 40% larger in males than in females
26
What did Ning Zhou find about the BSTC?
Postmortems on 6 male to female transgender invisible to have a smaller size bstc of that is a typical female brain
27
What are the evaluations of the brain sex theory ?
Complex interactions of nature and nurture - can’t see to what extent nature is involved Transgender horned do influence the size for the BSTC
28
What are the research into biological explanations - genetics ?
Coolidge - assessed 157 twins for evidence of gender dysphoria and found 62% had genetic variance of gender dysphoria
29
What are the evaluations of the genetic explanations for gender dysphoria ?
Twin studies are inconclusive as it’s difficult to separate nature nurture
30
What are the social explanations of gender dysphoria ?
Classical conditioning and psychodynamic
31
How did Green support the role of conditioning to explain gender dysphoria?
15% of feminine boys had dressed in girls clothes during infancy and as toddlers
32
How does stroller support conditioning of social explanations gender dysphoria ?
Studied facial features in boys with gender dysphoria and found that when asked to describe their sons. Facial features in infancy the mother used feminine ones. in strollers research these boys were more physically attractive
33
What are the evaluations of conditioning to explain gender dysphoria ?
It’s hard to saw what shapes gender dysphoria It would need environment to explain it as it’s so extreme
34
what did Oversey and person say about separation anxiety for gender dysphoria ?
have argued that Gender dysphoria in males is caused by the child experiences extreme separation anxiety before GD.
35
what are the evaluations of separation anxiety - psychodynamic ?
lowry and Zucker - found 16/29 boys with gender dysphoria had been diagnosed with separation anxiety stoller - overly close mother - son relationships would lead to confusion of gender identity.
36
what is Kohlberg's cognitive explanations of gender development?
gender identity - 2/3 - correctly identify themselves not aware it is permanent gender stability - 3/7- they will always be the same and do not recognise other peoples gender are stable gender constancy - 7-12- gender is stable across time and situation
37
what are the evaluations of Kohlberg's cognitive explanation ?
Slaby and Frey - presented children with split screen of males and females younger children watched both sides but children in constancy watched same sex. munroe- shows gender is biological as constancy is the same age cross culturally used interviews on children so lacks validity
38
what is meant by gender schema ?
mental framework of the understanding of gender and the stereotypes
39
how does martin and Halverson contrast their findings to Kohlberg?
found children as young as 3 search for information in their environment that encourages development of their schema
40
according to martin and Halverson, when do children develop elaborate schemas?
age 8 - develop schema about opposite gender
41
what are the evaluations of gender schema ?
martin and Halverson - children as young as 6 more likely remember photographs of gender consistent children ignore behaviours that go against their schema
42
what is the psychodynamic explanation of gender ?
during the phallic stage they experience the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex, this needs to be resolved by identifying and internalised same sex parent beliefs
43
What are the evaluations of Freud psychodynamic explanation of gender ?
Little hans- harsh parents leads to a better sense of gender identity Inadequate account - didn’t study women Nuclear family - doesn’t explain those in non clear families Unscientific
44
What is the social learning theory of gender development ?
Individuals use role models and mediational processes and vicarious reinforcement to create ideas about gender in which they will imitate
45
What are the evaluations of social learning theory ?
Smith and Lloyd - dressed a baby up as either a boy or a girl opposite to their sex. adults provided them with toys appropriate for the gender they were dressed in Perry and bussey- 8 year olds watched videos of 8 adults choosing an apple or banana and they copied the same sex model Gender norms change all the time
46
What is the influence of culture on gender development ?
If biology is the main factor then gender roles should be the same cross culturally in males and females
47
How does mead support the influence of culture on gender development ?
Studied 3 tribes in New Guinea and found that in the arapesh tribe males and females showed nurturing behaviours in the mundugomor tribe males and females were both aggressive in the tchambuli tribe males are dependent and women supported the family - shows gender behaviour is socialised
48
What are the evaluations of mead’s study ?

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions