approaches Flashcards
(42 cards)
science definition
Discovering the physical and natural world systematically and using empirical methods such as observation and experimentation
wundt actions
- Set up the world’s first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
- he was the first person to call himself a psychologist
- produced one of the world’s first books on psychology
wundt effects
His use of scientific methods helped establish psychology as an independent field of scientific research
His research was structuralism, which was an attempt to uncover the hidden parts of the mind by describing it in the simplest terms
introspection process
1) Participants are trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possible
2) They then would be asked to focus on a sensory object,t often a ticking metronome
3)participants would systematically report their experience of the object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements, and participants would focus inwards and report sensations, feelings, and images
Wundt and introspection
introspection is not direct observation of mental processes Wundt made inferences, which are making a guess or an assumption based on the behavior seen during the experiment
wundt evulation
pos
-For the first time, he was able to experiment with a highly scientific approach because of controlled experiments, large sample sizes
neg
-Participants may not report their mental state accurately, so self-report may be biased, mistaken, or influenced by demand characteristics
stimulus-response mechanisms
Behaviorists argue it is only possible to investigate what can be directly observed. This includes what you do to a creature (stimulus) and the resulting behaviour (response)
behaviorist approach theories
all animals are born with a blank slate and all behaviours are learned from interaction with the environment
belive in importance of control and objectivity
all animals learn the same way, so valid to use animals instead of humans
rejection of internal mental processes - as the mind cannot be directly observed it is a black box and not suitable for scientific study
Draw Pavlov’s classical conditioning
(metronome) ns = nr (no drool)
(food) Ucs = UCR (drool)
(food) UCS + (metronome) NS = UCR (drool)
(metronome) CS = CR (drool)
Operant conditioning Skinner procedure
Animals were placed in the Skinner box with no training. Then they were observed on how they learned to operate levers to receive a reward food or to avoid punishments
Operant conditioning Skinner findings
Skinner saw that behavior is influenced by the consequences after.
Things followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated. Things with an unpleasant time or punishment are undesirable and less likely to recur
Operant conditioning definition
known as learning by reinforcement. When a creature performs voluntary responses, it learns from the consequences of those actions. Consequences that are rewarding reinforce a behavior, so they are performed more frequently. and actions that result in punishing action are performed less
Operant conditioning 4 side box
Positive reinforcement - giving praise
negative reinforcement - removal of unpleaseant stimulus such as parents complaining
positive punishment - make them do something good such as dishwasher for sweaign
Negative punishment - taking away a positive thing for them such as phone
behavior shaping
it is possible to train animals to perform complex behaviors through operant conditioning First simple behaviors are rewarded then ones that are closer to the desired behavior are
Classical v Operant Conditioning
classical
involuntary responses - they are automatic not under conscious
Acquisition of response - how responses to new stimuli develop
operant conditioning
voluntary response - they produce a behavior with an understanding of the consequences
Maintenance of response - how behaviors are continued over time
behaviorist approach evaluation positives
- They are able to see cause and effect relationships through highly controlled lab experiments with easy standardised procedures
- practical application, such as when parenting and classroom management
behaviorist approach evaluation negatives
- ethical issues of using animals, plus when making humans doing it such as..
- generalizability over the fact it’s animals
Social learning theory defining features
they agreed with behaviourism but argued that understanding human behavior requires recognised learning as a cognitive process
Vicarious reinforcement
A reinforcement, such as a reward, makes a behaviour more likely to happen again. When it is vicarious, the person learns by observing the consequences of another person’s behaviour
Types of models in social learning theory
live models - include friendly and family
symbolic model - characters from movies tv and books
Identification social learning theory
not all models have the same likelihood of being imitated are more likely to imidatew models with similar characteristics such gender and age, or people to be perceived as attractive or high status
mediational factors defintion
Mediational processes are cognitive processes that occur between the external, environmental stimulus a person experiences and the response the person produces to that stimulus. Mediational processes include, attention, memory, thinking and decision-making and show that learning is not purely an automatic, stimulus response action and that there are mental processes that take place before a response it made.
mediational factors list
attention - must pay attention to the model by looking at specific behaviors
retention - ability to remember the observed behaviors
reproduction - the individual’s belief in their ability to replicate the behaviour that the model demonstrated and depends on physical abilities and how well they remembered it
motivation - the willingness to perform the behavior which is infleuced by the expected outcome such as rewards and punishments based on observing the others
Social learning theory evaluations
pos
- high internal validity due to its laboratory setting with high control and usage of matched pairs
- less reductionist, giving a more detail and valid understanding of human behavior
neg
relies on inferences and not clear evidence
- low ecological as the aggression make not be transformed in real world places
