PYSCHOPATHOLGY Flashcards
(33 cards)
types of definitions of abnormality
stastical deviation
deviation from social norms
failure to function adequately
deviation from ideal mental health
statistical deviation defintion
if someone’s mental condition is vert rare in the population a mathematical way of looking at abnormality to use numbers to see if someone is abnormal or not using iq,
as 98% of people have an IQ of between 70-130 so only 2% have more or lower and this is considered a psychological abnormality
statistical deviation evaluations
- clear and objective way of determining whether someone is abnormal or not as it is factual and not opinionated
-does not imply judgments such as homosexuality was defended as abnormal it does not take those into consideration
-infrequent doesn’t mean abnormality or mental disorder for example someone with an IQ of 135 is infrequent but it’s not a mental disorder and is actually desirable
-not everyone benefits from a label so someone with a infrequent iq but is living a normal life doesn’t need the stress of being told the results
deviation from social norms definition
Social norms are the unwritten rules of behavior in society, such as wearing clothes in public. However, these are a scale, such has not saying thank you and being nude in public
deviations from social norms evulation
- there are flexible to account for such as if someone is throwing a tantrum and getting angry but its a todler
- can be obvious and easy to point out
- not an objective fact when looking at it
- social norms change over time
- social norms change between cultures
- a person may be odd and weird, wearing weird clothes
failure to function adequatley definition
they can no longer cope with everyday demands and and fail to function adequalty
such as not maintaining basic hygiene and can’t hold down a job or relationships with people around them
failure to function adequately evaluation
-gaf provides way to quantify it
-not everyone with mental disorders or are abnormal will struggle to fit in in society as killers can be normal in the public eye
-may be temporal such as family member dieing
deviation from the ideal mental health definition
looking at what is normal mental health and comparing it to that such as
no distress, we self actualise, can cope with stress, good self-esteem, independent, can work
deviation from the ideal mental health evulation
-covers a broad range of topics to look for
- looks at many factors so not whats wrong areas that may be wrong
-sets an unrealistically high level for mental health
-culture bound as mental health is different everywhere -
phobia
behavioral
panic avoidance
emotional
anxiety, fear
cognitive
selective attention to a phobic stimulus
irrational beliefs
reduced cognitive capacity
depression
behavioral
activity levels decrease
disruption to sleep and eating
aggression and self-harm
emotional
lowered mood
bad self-esteem
guilt
cognitive
poor concentration
negative schemas
ocd
behavioral
compulsions, as they are repetitive and reduce anxiety
avoidance
emotional
anxiety and distress
guilt and disgust
accompanying depression
cognitive
obsessive thoughts
hypervigiance
two processes model classical conditioning
when we associate something which we instantly have no fear called a natural stimulus to with something that already triggers a fear an unconditioned
such as little albery who was scared of loud noises (unconited stimulus) the loud noise causes an (unconditioned) response) of fear, when the neutral stimulus of the rat is put together with the (unconditioned stimulus) fear, they then associate the rat and the loud noise and now the rat is a (conditioned) stimulus and produces as conditioned response
two processes model operant conditioning
when someone is rewarded or punished due to the phobia through negative reinforcement or positive reinforcement
two processes model evaluation
‘Little Albert’ – was given a white rat to play with. Albert did not demonstrate a fear response towards the rat initially, but then they made a loud noise which frightened Albert. This process was repeated several times, after which Albert demonstrated fear behaviour
- been applied to counter conditions therapies
di nardo dog study 56% of the dog-phobic participants and 66% of the non-phobic participants reported dog frightening event
100% of the dog-phobic participants believed that any future encounter with a dog would result in fear and physical harm
Very few of the non-phobic participants believed this
- evolutionary theory
systematic desensitization definition
The principle of classical conditioning and applying a new response to the phobic stimuli by counterconditioning
- anxiety hierarchy, a list of situations that provoke anxiety
- relaxation the therapist teaches relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety
- exposure to the phobic stimuli starting at the bottom of the anxiety hierarchy and then building up
flooding
exposing patients to their fear without a gradual build-up. involving immediate exposure, by doing this there can be no avoidance behavior and people may find the fear to be harmless
the person cant leave and eventually they tire and the anxiety drops learning nothing bad will happen
systematic desensitization evaluation
A study was done on 42 patients for fear of spiders and a control group, but they didn’t have exposure in three 45-minute sessions each. at 3 and 33 SD group were less feaurfull
suitable for a diverse range of patients
is acceptable and patients can enjoy the relaxing nature
not good for social phobias
flooding evaluation
cost effective
less effective for some phobia such as social ones that are hard to recreate
can be traumatic
becks cognitive theory of depression
three schemes with persistence automatic negative bias
- the self, feeling unworthy
- the world. thinking people are hostile or threatening
- the future, things will always turn out bad
faulty information processing
focusing on the negative aspects of a situation then looking at the positives
becks cognitive theory of depression evaluation
has good supporting evidence
has practical application In the form of cbt 81% effective
people with manic phases as beck explains schemes are resisant to change
cognitive theories explain depression as irritainal thoughts but could be due to problems they face such as homelessness or racism
Ellis abc model
depression caused by irratinal thoughts
A activating event, where irrational thoughts are triggered like end of a relationship
B beliefs interpretation of the event cant be irrational
Consequences trigger extreme emotional and behavioral thoughts and Musturbatory thinking unrealstic and rigid beliefs
ellis abc model evulation
- the activating event does partially explaining depression in the firs if reactive depression
-led to successful therapy in the forms of CBT - doesn’t explain all parts of depression, such as the anger assoicaisted
- ignore biological factors
becks ideas of cognitive therapy
Focuses on the thoughts of the negative triad. When these thoughts the therapy aims to challenge them by discussing if they are based on facts or assumptions and change the schema
- behavioral activation to break cyle of low mood and inactiviy
This may be done by setting homework of times to of happiness and comfort to remind them when feeling depressed
