attachment

Question 1

attachment

Answer 1

infant and caregiver develop a deep and emotional bond, and both members seek closeness

Question 2

reciprocity

Answer 2

turn-taking form of interacting

Question 3

interractinal synchrony

Answer 3

is a simultaneous interaction between caregiver and indant matching each other

Question 4

Schaffer stages of attachment

Answer 4

stages 1 asocial 0-6 weeks
Babies display innate behaviors such as crying and smiling, and anyone can comfort them and do not prefer any individual caregiver

Stage 2 Indiscriminate attachment 6 weeks-7 months
develop the ability to tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar smiling more do not yet show anxiety

stage 3 specific attachment 7- 9 months
from a strong attachment to a primary caregiver, most of their mother,r and separation and stranger anxiety develop

stage 4 multiple attachments 9/10 months
Infants start to form attachments with other caregivers such as father and grandparents

Question 5

lorenz prodecure

Answer 5

randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs half-hatched in an incubator, and the first ‘thing’ they saw was Lorenz half-hatched with their mother
* Once hatched, the two groups were mixed up, and Lorenz observed who/what they followed
* he varied the time between birth and seeing a moving object so he could measure the critical period
for imprinting

Question 6

lorenz findings

Answer 6

The incubator group followed lorenz everywhere where as the control group who hatched with the mother followed her everywhere, when the groups were mixed they still followed there caregiver

the critical period was 32 hours if it did not have a anything to imprint on in this time it would lose the ability

Question 7

lorenz evulation

Answer 7

can’t generalize between animals and humans

Lorenz’s research is able to compare to humans’ critical period, but humans are sensitive not ciricital later care can help with recovery

practical applications for the studies

ethitcs

Question 8

harlow prodecudure

Answer 8

-Momkeys taken from biological mother
- monkey sat in a cage with two suggerate mothers
- a wire mother with milk and cloth one for comfort
and scared to see which one is

Question 9

harlow findings

Answer 9

baby monkeys were with the cloth mother and only visiting the food mother when they needed to eat and also returned to the cloth mother when scared

monkeys with only the food one showed sign of stress related illness

Question 10

harlow evulation

Answer 10

can’t generalize between animals and human

harlow findings in contact comfort able to be transferred

bad ethical grounds caused harm to the monkeys such as mating behavior

Question 11

Explanations of attach,ement

Answer 11

Learning theory
bolwby theory

Question 12

Learning theory

Answer 12

cupaord love that infant liek the caregiver cos they provide food

Classical conditioning food is an unconditioned stimulus providing pleasure and unconditioned response the mother gives the food and she become associated with food and pleasure

operant conditioning positive reinforcement when a parents feeds a crying baby they are more likely to cry so negatively reinformcent may use

Question 13

Learning theory evaluation

Answer 13

• makes intuitive sense that babies learn when thet cry they get things
  -Harlow’s experiment on monkeys disproved cupoard love
  -many parents think there relationship with their kids is more complex and this is reductionist
• backed up by Pavlov and skinner

Question 14

insecure avoidant

Answer 14

infants explore freely and do not use their mother as a secure base, has low stranger anxiety and separation anxiety

caregivers show little sensitive responsiveness

Question 15

secure

Answer 15

infants use their mother as a safe base, they have a moderate level of stranger anxiety and show separation anxiety

caregivers show sensitive responsiveness

Question 16

insecure resistant

Answer 16

Infants are clingy and have high stranger and separation anxiety when the mothers returns, they don’t know whether to crave attention but also reject attention

mothers incosnient with sensitive responsiveness

Question 17

strange siutations stages

Answer 17

1. The child is encouraged to explore
2. A stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child
3. caregiver leaves strangers and child
4. The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves
5. The caregiver leaves the child alone
6. The Stanger Returns
7. The caregiver returns and is reunited with the club

Question 18

Strange situations evolutions

Answer 18

• low egocigal validity
  -culture bound test as its in america
• meta-analysis
  -demand characteristics mothers may show more sensitive responsive to look a good parent

Question 19

the role of the father

Answer 19

Schaffer found that 75% of infants formed an attachment with their father, showing separation anxiety and proving they played an important role

active play engages is more play activities to encourage risk taking behaviors

Question 20

bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 20

He argues infants have an innate and instinctual drive to form a strong attachment to their other and stay in close proximity

Babies will use signals/social releases to attract the caregiver, mothers are biologically programmed to find this cute or distressing

Question 21

Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory Critical Period

Answer 21

Bowlby suggests a strong monotropic attachment must form in the first 30 months of birth, and a lack of this will result in permanent negative social, intellectual, and emotional consequences

Bowbly also claims the monotropic relationship makes a schema called an internal working model. This is a blueprint for future relationships

Question 22

Cultural variation study

Answer 22

A 1988 study by van L conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of 2000 infants in 32 studies from 8 countries classided the attachment types via the strange situation test

Question 23

boblwy maternal deprivation

Answer 23

if there is not a monotripic attachment during the critical period of 30 months due to prolonged separation, this is negative and irreversible and will also result in

delinquency and petty crime (social)
unable to care or show empathy (emotional)
low IQ and bad cognitive abilities
failure to form internal working model

Question 24

maternal deprivation evulation

Answer 24

44 thieves and 44 normal kids were tested for affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation and the thieves tested more

findings could be linked to a thrid factor

leads to positive change in polices related to child welfare

disregards role of the father

Question 25

care giver and infant interactions evaluation

Answer 25

Meltzoff and Moore an experiment displayed gestures such as sticking tongue out to 12-21 day infants and they replicated through imitation condon and sander videotaped interactions between adults and infants and saw evidence of interactional synchrony - the infants cant provide thoughts or emotions saw its all infrence

Question 26

Schaffer's stages of attachment evaluation

Answer 26

Schaffer and Emerson conducted an observation of 60 working-class babies from Glasgow and found separation anxiety occurred in25-32 week stranger anxiety a month later 18 months follow-up showed 87% had devolpled multiple attachments high mundane realism not generalizable due to it only being glasgow

Question 27

Bowlby's monotropic theory evulation

Answer 27

helped with early child care, for example, immediate physical contact between mother and child The internal working model can be seen as deterministic temporal validity as only says mum can form a strong bond and disregards role of the father

Question 28

sensitive response

Answer 28

adult caregiver correctly interperts the meaning of the infants communication and is motivated to respond

Question 29

lorenz research suggestion

Answer 29

imprinting is a strong evolutionary biological feature of attachment and imprinting is with the first large object visually seen not other potential cues such as smell and sound

Question 30

strange siutations findinga

Answer 30

three distiicive attachment types that collerated with the level of sensitive responsivenss 66% secure 22% insecure avoidant 12% incescure resistant

Question 31

cultural variation findings

Answer 31

Secure attachment was the most common ( britian) Insecure resistant was the least common (Germany) Avoidance was more common in western cultures (iseral) china had the least secure infants

Question 32

cultral varation study evulation

Answer 32

lack temporal validty due to change nature of family life in the modern world many of the countries such as china and britinan only had one study done so may not be represintve of the country population

Question 33

romain oprhan studies background

Answer 33

in the 1990s, after the Romanian government, 170k children were found in extremely poor Romanian orphanages. They had very little emotional care, poor nutrition. British researchers, led by Michael Rutter, used this tragic situation as a "natural experiment" to study the effects of institutionalisation.

Question 34

Roman orphan studies procedure

Answer 34

Sample: 165 Romanian orphans adopted by British families, compared to a control group of 52 British adoptees. Adoption ages: Group 1: Adopted before 6 months old Group 2: Adopted between 6 months and 2 years Group 3: Adopted after 2 years Follow-up: Assessed at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15 years. Data was gathered through interviews and cognitive/emotional assessments.

Question 35

Romaina oprhan studies findings

Answer 35

Cognitive Development (IQ): Those adopted before 6 months had a mean IQ of 102 at age 11. 6 months–2 years: ~86 After 2 years: ~77 Attachment Styles: Children adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment: clingy, attention-seeking, affectionate with strangers. Those adopted earlier rarely showed this.

Question 36

Romanina Orphanage Studies evaluation

Answer 36

pratical application such as crivital workers in care place have to giver higher level of care to infants - bias due to the parents picking the kids with the more socialable kids being picked for adoption at a younger age - natural test

Question 37

hazen and shaver

Answer 37

argued an adult relationship type is a continuation of their infant attachment style The researchers placed a “Love Quiz” in a local American newspaper with three sections Participants chose which of 3 descriptions best matched their feelings and behaviour in close relationships: Questions about beliefs on love, e.g. “Do you believe in lasting love?”, and past relationship experiences. Retrospective questions about early attachment and upbringing.

Question 39

hazen and shaver finding

Answer 39

Secure: 56% Avoidant: 25% Resistant: 19% Secure participants: Described their love experiences as trusting, happy, and long-lasting. They were more likely to believe in true love and lasting relationships. Avoidant participants: Were more doubtful about love, feared closeness and intimacy. Described love as unimportant or unlikely to last. Resistant participants: Were jealous, possessive, and had roller-coaster relationships. Worry about whether partners really love them.

Question 40

internal working model affect on adult stuff

Answer 40

Proposed by John Bowlby. The first attachment relationship (usually with the mother) forms a template for future relationships. If the early attachment is secure, the child learns to trust and expect reliable, loving relationships. If the early attachment is insecure (avoidant or resistant), the child may struggle with intimacy, trust, or emotional regulation in adult relationships.