Approaches

Question 1

introspection

Answer 1

systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up the conscious awareness into basic structures, images and sensations

Question 2

first lab dedicated to psychology

Answer 2

Wundts lab

Question 3

Wundts lab

Answer 3

wundt aimed to document and describe the nature of human consciousness(introspection)
he and his co-workers recorded own consciousness by breaking it down and isolating the consciousness(structuralism)
conditions were controlled-same instructions given to each participant

Question 4

timeline of psychology

Answer 4

experimental philosophy 
wundts lab 
fraud-psychodynamic 
watson- behaviourist 
roger and maslow- humanist 
cognitive 
bandura- social learning 
biological 
cognitive neuroscience

Question 5

behaviourist assumption

Answer 5

behaviour is learn by experience/association
reinforcement/punishment 
nurture 
observable/measured 
lab experiments 
environmental determinism 
mechanistic 
animal studies 
phobias- real life application

Question 6

behaviourism

classical conditioning

Answer 6

learning through association
when 2 stimuli are presented together (the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus|) the the neutral stimulus eventually produces same response

Question 7

behaviourism
classical conditioning
pavlov’s dogs

Answer 7

uc- food 
ur- salivation 
ns- bell 
cs- bell 
cr- salivation

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment

Question 9

operant conditioning

positive reinforcement

Answer 9

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

prise from a teacher for answering a question correctly

Question 10

operant conditioning

negative reinforcement

Answer 10

when an animal/person avoids something unpleasant

when a student hands in an essay to avoid getting a DT

Question 11

operant conditioning

punishment

Answer 11

an unpleasant consequence of behaviour

being shouted at for talking in lesson

Question 12

social learning theory assumptions

Answer 12

learning through observation/imitation of others

behaviour can be learnt both directly and indirectly

Question 13

social learning theory

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 13

an individual observes the behaviour of others and may imitate this behaviour after it has been rewarded

Question 14

social learning theory
vicarious reinforcement
Bandura et al

Answer 14

recorded behaviour of young children who saw an adult behave aggressively towards a bobo doll, when the children where later observed playing those who had seen the aggressive behaviour then played more aggressively then those who observed non-aggressive adults

Question 15

social learning theory

mediational processes

Answer 15

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

Question 16

social learning theory
mediational processes
attention

Answer 16

the extent to which an individual pays attention to an action

Question 17

social learning theory
mediational processes
retention

Answer 17

remembering the behaviour

Question 18

social learning theory
mediational processes
motor reproduction

Answer 18

the ability of the individual to perform the action/behaviour observed

Question 19

social learning theory
mediational processes
motivation

Answer 19

the will to perform the action/behaviour

often determined by whether or not the behaviour was rewarded

Question 20

social learning theory

identification

Answer 20

people are more likely to imitate the behaviour if the person is seen to be a role model(modelling) a person is a role model if they have similar characteristics/higher status
role model doesn’t have to be physically present(media)

Question 21

cognitive assumptions

Answer 21

internal mental processes should be studied scientifically
mental processes are private and can’t be observed
studied indirectly by making inferences

Question 22

cognitive

theoretical model

Answer 22

information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages that include input, storage and retrieval
e.g. multi-store model

Question 23

cognitive

computer model

Answer 23

suggest similarities in the way the information is processed, a central processing unit (brain), concept of coding and the use of stores

Question 24

cognitive

role of schemas

Answer 24

mental framework that help interpret information and experience and respond to stimuli appropriately by organising things you know

Question 25

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 25

``` modern brain imaging techniques biological basis to mental processes lesion studies(brain damaging/behaviour) electrophysiology(brain activity/waves) neuroimaging(PET scans) ```

Question 26

biological approach assumptions

Answer 26

everything psychological is first biological | genes, neurochemistry and nervous system

Question 27

biological approach | genetic basis

Answer 27

behavioural characteristics are inherited the same way physical characteristics are

Question 28

genotype

Answer 28

a persons genetic make up

Question 29

phenotype

Answer 29

the influence of environment on genes

Question 30

humanistic basic assumptions

Answer 30

``` every individual is unique idiographic free will (can be restricted by social rules, laws and morals) people should be viewed holistically not scientific self actualisation ```

Question 31

humanistic | theory of focus

Answer 31

daniels- being fully focused on performance as the person is driven to improve increase personal growth positive attitude is a critical factor

Question 32

Humanistic | Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Answer 32

``` psychological-food, water,sleep safety-security of property/employment love/belonging-friends/family esteem-confidence/self-esteem self-actualisation-morality/creativity ```

Question 33

Humanistic | Rogers focus of self

Answer 33

``` self concept ideal self real self congruence conditions of worth ```

Question 34

Humanistic Rogers focus of self self concept

Answer 34

the self you feel you are- linked to self esteem

Question 35

Humanistic Rogers focus of self ideal self

Answer 35

the self you wish to be

Question 36

Humanistic Rogers focus of self real self

Answer 36

the person you actually are

Question 37

Humanistic Rogers focus of self congruence

Answer 37

coming together needed to get self-actualisation self concept and real self are the same need unconditional positive regards

Question 38

Humanistic Rogers focus of self condition of worth

Answer 38

requirements that need to be met in order to feel loved | unconditional positive regard(lack of unconditional love)

Question 39

psychodynamic assumptions

Answer 39

behaviours and feeling are affected by unconscious motives behaviour and feelings rooted in childhood all behaviour has a cause determinist personality is made up of the id,ego and superego

Question 40

psychodynamic | id

Answer 40

unconscious made up of selfish, aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification only one present at birth

Question 41

psychodynamic | ego

Answer 41

the reality check, the balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego develops at around age 2 employs defence mechanisms

Question 42

psychodynamic | superego

Answer 42

the morality part of out personality which represents the ideal self formed at the end of the phallic stage

Question 43

psychodynamic | defence mechanisms-ego

Answer 43

repression denial displacement

Question 44

psychodynamic defence mechanisms-ego repression

Answer 44

forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

Question 45

psychodynamic defence mechanisms-ego denial

Answer 45

refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

Question 46

psychodynamic defence mechanisms-ego displacement

Answer 46

transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion, onto a substitute target

Question 47

psychosexual stages of development | Fraud

Answer 47

``` oral anal phallic latency genital ```

Question 48

psychosexual stages of development Fraud oral

Answer 48

0-1 years old focus of pleasure is the month, satisfaction from putting things in month to satisfy the libido personalities-smokers/nail biters especially when under stress

Question 49

psychosexual stages of development Fraud anal

Answer 49

child derives pleasure from defecating | early/harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal-retentive personality that hates mess

Question 50

psychosexual stages of development Fraud phallic stage

Answer 50

oedipus and electra

Question 51

psychosexual stages of development Fraud latency

Answer 51

no further psychosexual development | developing new skills/knowledge becomes confined to other children of the same gender

Question 52

psychosexual stages of development Fraud genital

Answer 52

sexual instinct is directed to hetro-sexual pleasure rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through hetrosexual sex

Question 53

psychosexual stages of development Fraud Oedipus complex

Answer 53

conflict arises because the boy develops sexual desires for his mother wants possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to do so father were to find out about this, father would take away his penis (castration anxiety) resolves this problem by imitating masculine dad-type behaviour the boy takes on a masculine role and adopts an ego ideal and values that becomes the superego

Question 54

psychosexual stages of development Fraud/Joung electra complex

Answer 54

the girl desires the father but realises that she doesn't have a penis development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy resolves this be repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with a wish for a baby blames her mother for castrated state represses feelings identifies with mother to take on gender female roles